qap ქართველოლოგიის აქტუალური პრობლემები Actual Problems of Kartvelology

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1 qap ქართველოლოგიის აქტუალური პრობლემები Actual Problems of Kartvelology II 2013

2 saqartvelos sapatriarqos wmida andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis qartuli universiteti Saint Andrew the First-Called Georgian University of the Patriarchate of Georgia ქართველოლოგიის აქტუალური პრობლემები Actual Problems of Kartvelology APK II 2013

3 UDC (უაკ) 908(479.22) ქ 275 yovelwliur samecniero JurnalSi: `qartvelologiis aqtualuri problemebi II" dabewdilia saqartvelos sapatriarqostan arsebuli axalgazrdobis sulieri da inteleqtualuri ganvitarebis centrisa (xelmzraneli mtavarepiskoposi stefane /kalaijisvili/ da saqartvelos sapatriarqos wminda andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis qartuli universitetis qartvelologiis centris mier organizebuli saqartvelos saxelmwifo enis drisadmi mizrvnili samecniero konferenciis masalebi da recenzirebuli sxva qartvelologiuri gamokvlevebi. saredaqcio kolegia: mitropoliti anania (jafarize), sveta adamia /swavluli mdivani/, gia alibegasvili, amiran arabuli, nomadi bartaia, merab berize, Teimuraz gvancelaze, vaxtang guruli, karina vamlingi, sergo vardosanize, natia iakobize /pasuxismgebeli mdivani/, Tamar lomaze /inglisuri teqstis redaqtori/, guram lortqifanize, Tamar mesxi, roin metreveli, maia miresasvili, said muliani, aleqsi Jordania, merab robaqize, manana tabize /redaqtori/, tariel futkaraze /mtavari redaqtori/, inga RutiZe, roin yavrelisvili, bela SavxeliSvili, lela SaTiriSvili, rezo Serozia, fevzi Celebi. redaqciis misamarti: 0162, Tbilisi, ilia WavWavaZis #53a, qartuli universiteti /qartvelologiis centri/, otaxi #110; tel.: el-fosta: krebulis el-versia ix.: qartuli universiteti ISSN X UDC (უაკ) 908(479.22) ქ 275

4 3 The materials of the scientific conference dedicated to the Georgian state language, organized by the Kartvelology Center and the Center of Spiritual and Intellectual Development of the Youth (the chairman of the Centre, archbishop Stepane (Kalaijishvili) at the St. Andrew the First Called Georgian University of Patriarchate of Georgia and all the other reviewed kartvelological researches are published in the annual scientific journal Actual Problems of Kartvelology II. Editorial Board Metropolitan Anania (Japaridze), Sveta Adamia (scientific secretary), Gia Alibegashvili, Amiran Arabuli, Nomadi Bartaia, Merab Beridze, Pevzi Chelebi, Inga Ghutidze, Vakhtang Guruli, Teimuraz Gvantseladze, Natia Iakobidze (responsible secretary), Roin Khavrelishvili, Tamar Lomadze (editor of the English text), Guram Lortkipanidze, Tamar Meskhi, Roin Metreveli, Maia Miresashvili, Said Muliani, Merab Robakidze, Bela Shavkhelishvili, Lela Shatirishvili, Rezo Sherozia, Manana Tabidze (responsible editor), Tariel Putkaradze (editor-in-chief), Karina Vamling, Sergo Vardosanidze, Aleksi Zhordania. Address of the editorial office: Ilia Chavchavadze N53a, Tbilisi 0162, St. Andrew the First-Called Georgian University, Kartvelology Centre, Room N110. Tel Website: Georgian University ISSN X

5 4 Sinaarsi mtavarepiskoposi cagerisa da lentexisa stefane (kalaijisvili), konferenciisadmi misalmeba...9 Archbishop of Tsageri and Lentekhi Stepane(Kalaijishvili), Opening Address to the Conference 12 tariel futkaraze, qartuli enis teqnologizeba: pirveli rigis gadaudebeli amocanebi Tariel Putkaradze, Technologizing of Georgian Language/the Most Urgent Tasks/ 23 Suqia afridonize, toponimia da qartuli saliteraturo enis normebi Shukia Apridonidze, Toponyms and Norms of the Georgian Literary Language. 35 Teimuraz gvancelaze, saxelmwifo enebi saqartvelosi (qartuli ena, afxazuri ena): problemebi da pespeqtivebi. 36 Теймураз Гванцеладзе, Государственные языки в Грузии: абхазский язык проблемы и перспективы. 42 eka dadiani, merab gvazava, revaz Serozia, regionuli an umciresobis enebis Sesaxeb - evropuli qartia da saqartvelo Eka Dadiani, Merab Gvazava, Revaz Sherozia, European Charter on Regional and Minority Language and Georgia.. 50 natia iakobize, sixarulis koncepti qartulsa da germanul enebsi Natia Iakobidze, Konzept von Freude in der georgischen und deutschen Sprachen.. 60 manana kvasxvaze, normirebuli metyveleba da qartulenovani masmediis ena Manana Kvaskhvadze, Standardized Speech and the Language of Georgian-Speaking Media. 70

6 5 mixeil labaze, diglosia Tanamedrove italiasi 71 Mikheil Labadze, Diglossia in Italia (I paralelli con la diglossia georgiana) 89 nana lolaze, qartuli enis swavlebastan dakavsirebuli problemebi 90 Nana Loladze, Problems Connected with Teaching Georgian. 92 Tamar lomaze, Tanamedrove politikuri zepiri teqstebis enobrivi Tviseburebebi Tamar Lomadze, Linguistic Peculiarities of Contemporary Political Verbal Texts. 103 natela marlakelize, msobliuri enisa da literaturis maswavleblis momzadebisa da gadamzadebis sakitxebi Tanamedrove etapze Natela Maghlakelidze, Issues on Training and Re-training Teachers of the Georgian Language and Literature at the Modern Stage\ marika ozeli, saqartvelos saxelmwifo enis flobis donis gansazrvra sajaro moxeleebisa da saqartvelos moqalaqeobis mosurne pirtatvis Marika Odzeli, Determining Level of Knowledge of the State Language of Georgia for Civil Servants and People Seeking Georgian Citizenship 133 aleqsi Jordania, avstriisa da egviptis dialeqtebis zogierti monacemi Aleksi Jordania, Some Information about Austria and Egyptian Dialects rusudan sarinaze, Tanamedrove qartuli saliteraturo enis normebi - problemebi da mati gadawris gzebi. 139 Rusudan Saghinadze, Problems and Solving Ways of the Standards of Contemporary Georgian Literary Language 143 manana tabize, saxelmwifo enis statusis dacva: evropuli gamocdileba da saqartvelo.. 144

7 6 Manana Tabidze, Protecting the Status of State Language: European Experience and Georgia 156 lia qarosanize, Tanamedrove qartuli terminologia Lia Karosanidze, Modern Georgian Terminology. 161 ia jiqia, terminogiuri problemebi ganatlebis evropulenovani standartebis qartulenovan TargmanebSi 164 Ia Jikia, Terminological problems in Georgian translations of European standards of education recenzia afxazuri enis leqsikonis xelnaweris gamocemis gamo /Teimuraz gvancelaze, "afxazuri enis pirveli leqsikoni",1827w./.. 172

8 7 "saqartvelos yoveltvis hqonda udidesi Sinagani Zala, Tavisi mowameebis, ganmanatleblebis, poetebis, mxatvrebisa da Tavisi usisari da Tavisuflebismoyvare xalxis saxit. erti mtavari wyarotagani, saidanac qartvelebi irebdnen TavianT sulier Zalebs - esaa uzvelesi da madliani qartuli ena" saqartvelos katolikos-patriarqi ilia II /epistoleni, sityvani, qadagebani, wigni I, Tb., 1997, gv. 200/ gardauvali wesia: erti Taoba midis, meore - modis... xalxi ki ukvdavia. ukvdavia misi enac, Tuki mas xalxma zurgi ar Seaqcia; ena Taobidan Taobas gadaecema da misi wyalobit es Taobebi ert xalxad itqmis: xalxis meobas misi ena gvanisnebs.

9 8 Georgia has always had great inner strength thanks to its martyrs, enlighteners, poets, painters and its courageous and freedom-loving people. One of the major sources from which Georgians collected their spiritual strength is the ancient and gracious Georgian language. Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia Ilia II /Epistles, Speeches, Preachings, Book I, Tbilisi, 1997, p. 200/ There is an inascapable rule: One generation goes, another comes but people are immortal. Their language is also immortal if it is not rejected by people; language is passed down from generation to generation and thanks to this, all these generations are ragarded as one people: language defines identity of people. Arnold Chikobava

10 qartvelologiis aqtualuri problemebi ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF KARTVELOLOGY II 9 konferenciisadmi misalmeba 1984 wlis 14 aprils qartveli eri ertad dadga da ertsulovnad daicva Cveni enis statusi, rogorc saxelmwifo enisa da Cven am TariRs avrnisnavt dres. imdeni problemaa dagrovili enastan dakavsirebit, rom samwuxarod,am dres zar-zeimit ver avrnisnavt. aris uamravi sakitxi, romelic moitxovs gadawyvetas da me vfiqrob, rom nawili am sakitxebisa Cvens konferenciaze iqneba ganxiluli, Tumca samusao kidev bevria. rac mtavaria, es yvelaferi unda momzaddes iset doneze, rom, Semdeg, saxelmwifom aucileblad moaxdinos reagireba. Cven dres, TiTqos-da sabrzolveli ar unda gvqondes, radgan Cveni erovnuli saxelmwifo gagvacnia, romelic, wesit, unda icavdes Tavisi saxelmwifo enis statuss, samwuxarod, mainc, uamravi problemaa gadasawyveti. me minda ramdenime porblemis Sesaxeb visaubro, ara rogorc mecnierma, aramed, rogorc adamianma, romelic am problemebs usualod awydeba cxovrebasi. im problemebis Sesaxeb, romlebis gadawyvetasac xalxi moitxovs da rac aris, garkveulwilad, sazogadoebis dakveta. me mxolod im sakitxebze gavamaxvileb Tqvens yuradrbas, rac TvalnaTliv Cans da ar swirdeba didi mecnieroba, rom es problemebi dainaxo. I. pirvel rigsi saxelmwifos pirveli pirebi, oficialur urtiertobebsi unda metyvelebdnen qartulad. didi problemaa, rodesac saqartvelos saxelmwifos warmoadgens pirovneba da oficialur gamosvlebsi ar iyenebs qartul enas, aramed saubrobs im Cinosnis msobliur enaze, romelic aris aq Camosuli an Tavad aris sxva qveyanasi Casuli da visac rogor esmis, im enaze esaubreba. Zalian kargia ganatlebuloba, bevri enis codna bevrs nisnavs, Zlaian kargia, rodesac adamians SeuZlia metyvelebdes sxvadasxva enaze, magram saxelmwifos Rirsebis sakitxia, rom pirveli pirebi metyvelebdnen saxelmwifo enaze _ es aris sazogadoebis Zalian mkvetri motxovna. II. abrebi, reklamebi, sxvadasxva warwerebi da a.s. _ magalitad me wamikitxavs warwera abivsciki qartulad, an tokari. an kidev, gzaze, roca lokanta weria da kidev raraceebi Turqul enaze. gasagebia, rom es reklamaa, fulis gasaketeblad, magram jer qartulad dawere, rasac nisnavs es sityva da Semdeg ucxouri saxelic miawere. ra udgas amas win? reklama mainc

11 10 imusavebs. mtavari ar aris fulis Sovna, aris sakitxebi sadac fulis Sovna ar SeiZleba iyos mtavari sazrunavi. esec Rirsebis sakitxia, rom qartvelma erma da saqartvelos saxelmwifom daicvas Tavisi saxelmwifo enis statusi da daicvas is yvela doneze, iqneba es Cvens qalaqebsa Tu soflebsi, gzebze Tu dasasvenebel adgilebsi, presasa Tu televiziasi, es problema yvelgan dgas da aucileblad unda armoifxvras. es sakitxi rtuli gadasawyveti ar aris, misi gadawyvetistvis mxolod saxelmwifos mesveurta guliani midgomaa sawiro. III. sajaro moxeleta da JurnalistTa sasaubro ena veravitar kritikas ver uzlebs. rodesac visment sainformacio Tu, ubralod, rarac sakitxebtan dakavsirebul gadacemebs, Jurnalists metyvelebisas, aucileblad unda hqondes garkveuli standarti daculi da me vfiqrob, rom Jurnalistebis profesiul stadartsi unda Sediodes sworad metyveleba. SeiZleba ubralo xalxis metyvelebasi raime xarvezebi SeiniSnebodes, es ar aris sagangaso, magram sajaro moxeleebi da Jurnalistebi gamartuli qartulit unda saubrobdnen. imisatvis, rom Jurnalists an sajaro moxeles musaoba SeeZlos mas, profesiul unarebtan ertad, unda moetxovebodes qartuli enis Sesabamisi codna. Cemi azrit, unda dawesdes garkveuli standarti da samsaxursi mirebisas, testirebisas, unda itvaliswinebdnen am motxovnas. esec sazogadoebis dakvetaa. Zalian Znelia im enis mosmena, romelsac Cven visment yoveldriurad sainformacio sasualebebit. IV. problemaa aseve qartuli terminebis Canacvleba ucxouri terminebit. amis mimartac sazogadoebas aqvs mkvetrad uaryofiti damokidebleba. miuxedavad imisa, rom qartulsi gvaqvs ucxouris Sesabamisi terminebi Zalian xsirad Cven mainc ucxour terminebs viyenebt, TiTqos amit gvinda gamovxatot Cveni ganatlebuloba, magram praqtikulad es gaunatleblobis nisani ufroa. wagvleka treningebma da Trenerebma, an kidev kohabitacia da sensitiuri da a.s. TiTqos ar gvqondes sityvebi swavleba da maswavlebeli. Cven gagvacnia swori gamocdileba aset sakitxebsi, magalitad mtels msofliosi amboben basketbols, futbols, voleibols, Cven ki davamkvidret Cvens enasi terminebi kalatburti, fexburti, frenburti. es terminebi damkvidrda im dros, roca Cven ar gagvacnda erovnuli saxelmwifo, magram gvyavda gulantebuli mamulisvilebi, romlebic zrunavdnen msobliur enaze. dres ra dagvemarta? Cveni sakutari saxelmwifo gagvacnia, magram sruliad sapirispirod vmoqmedebt.

12 11 aq SeiZleba bevri sakitxi wamoiwras, bevri azri gacndes. es konferencia Zalzed mnisvnelovania, radgan xmamarla davayenebt qartuli enis saxelwmifoebriobis sakitxs. Cven yvelam_ saxelmwifom, eklesiam, mecnierebma, sazogadoebam ertad unda vimusaot Zalian intensiurad, rata mogvardes yvela is problema, rac Cvens winase dgas. saxelmwifosgan, ramdenadac CemTvis cnobilia, am mxriv aris mzaoba. dres batoni davit usufasvili unda mobrzanebuliyo, magram dilit mouwia saswrafod gamgazvreba saqartvelos farglebs garet da amitom verar moaxerxa mosvla, magram batoni zviad ZiZiguri aris dres mobrzanebuli. misi pozicia Zalian mnisvnelovania, man gamotqva am sakitxebtan dakavsirebit TanamSromlobis mzadyofna. axla Cven unda mkafiod da kargad gamovxatot ra unda gaketdes. Seiqmneba specialuri komisia, romelic saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urtiertsetanxmebis Sedegad moaxerxebs am sakitxebis Sejamebas, ra Tqma unda, mecnierebi xart am processi Seucvlelni da saeqsperto musaoba iqneba sawiro. Semdeg yovelive unda Sejamdes da ukve sakanonmdeblo iniciativebis saxit unda waredginos parlaments. is rac Cven gvinda, rom saxelmwifo ena iyos qveynis Rirsebis sazomi yvelastvis, ara mxolod mecnierebistvis, ara mxolod dainteresebuli pirebistvis, aramed mteli saxelmwifostvis, mteli sazogadoebistvis, vfiqrob aucileblad arsruldeba, radgan saxelmwifo ena aris erovnuli saxelmwifos ert-erti umnisvnelovanesi atributi. dres gadaidga pirveli nabiji. Semdegnabijebs, Tqveni TanadgomiTa da daxmarebit mivarwevt da, imedia, mravali problema, razec Cven dres guli gvtkiva _ mogvardeba. mtavarepiskoposi cagerisa da lentexisa stefane (kalaijisvili) saqartvelos sapatriarqostan arsebuli axalgazrdobis sulieri da inteleqtualuri ganvitarebis centris Tavmjdomare

13 12 Opening Address to the Conference On April 14, 1984, the Georgian nation consolidated and unanimously defended the status of Georgian as a state language and we celebrate this date today. There are so many problems concerning the language that unfortunately, we cannot festively celebrate this day today. There are plenty of issues that require immediate solution and I think that part of them will be discussed at our conference, though there is much more to work on. What is most important, everything this should be prepared so that the government has appropriate reaction on it later. Today it seems as if we do not have anything to fight for any morebecause we have our own nation state which is responsible for defending the status of its state language. Unfortunately, there are still a lot of problems to be solved. I would like to talk about some of the problems not as a scientist but as a person who tackles with them in his life. I want to talk about the problem the solution of which is demanded by people. I will draw your attention to the problemsthatare evident and one does not need science to see them. I First of all, government officials should talk Georgian during official meetings. There is a great problem when a person represents Georgia as a state and uses not Georgian in his official speeches but the native language of the official who is a guest in our country. On the other hand, when official representatives of Georgia visit other countries, they use the language intelligible for the people they talk with. Though it is very important to know languages, it is the matter of national dignity for government officials to use state language this is the sharp demand of the society. II Posters, advertisements, inscriptions, etc. For instance, I have read Russian word abivshchiki and tokari written in Georgian. Moreover, there is written lokatka and something in Turkish in the street. It is clear that this is an advertisement but, first of all, there should be written the translation of the word in Georgian and then there can be provided its foreign equivalent. Why does this represent a problem? The advertisement will still do its job. Making money is not the only important thing to do, there are issues which are far more important than making fortune. This is a matter of dignity for the Georgian nation and state to defend the statue of the state language and

14 to defend it everywhere: in cities or villages, streets or places of relaxation, press or television, this problem is everywhere and it requires immediate eradication. It is not difficult to solve this problem, it only depends on the kind will of state officials. III The language of public officials and journalists cannot avoid criticism. When we listen tonews or any other programmes, journalists should definitely follow some standards and I think the standardized speech should be the part of professional ethics of journalists. The speech of ordinary people may have some faults but this is not alarming. As for public servants and journalists, they are obliged to speak literary Georgian. One of the criteria of employing journalists and public figures should be appropriate level of Georgian language together with their professional skills. In my opinion, there should be created a certain standard which will be taken into consideration while employing people. This is the demand of the society as well. It is very difficult to listen to the language applied on the news every day. IV Another problems is replacement of Georgian terms by foreign ones. The attitude of society towards this issue is negative. Even though we have equivalent Georgian terms in our language, we still use foreign words in order to emphasize our level of education. In fact, it is more the sign of illiteracy. We are inundated with foreign terms like training and trainers, cohabitation, sensitive, etc. As if we do not have Georgian equivalents: stavleba and mastavlebeli. We have appropriate experience in this direction. For instance, the whole world uses words: basketball, football, volleyball, while we have Georgian equivalents like kalatburti, pekhburti, prenburti. These terms were established when we did not have our nation state, but when we had passionate patriots who took care of our mother tongue. What is the matter with us today? We have our own state, but act completely opposite. There can arise many issues, a lot of ideas may emerge. This conference is very important as we will raise the question of the Georgina language. All of us the state, the church, the science, the society should work intensively in order to solve all the problems we face. As far as I know, the state is ready to collaborate. Davit Usupashvili was supposed to come today but he had to leave Georgia in the 13

15 14 morning and he could not come. ZviadDzidziguri is visiting us today. His position is very important as he has expressed his readiness to cooperate on this issue. We now need to clearly define what should be done. A special commission will be set up, which will summarize these issues together with the state and the church, of course, scientists are irreplaceable in this process and expert work will be required in this direction. After all, everything should be summarized and the legislative initiatives should be presented to the government. What we need is the state language to be the measure of the dignity of our nation not only for scientists, not only for the people interested, but for the whole state, the whole society. I think it will definitely be so as long as the state language is one of the most important attributes of the nation state. The first step was taken today. The next step will be achieved thanks to your support and we hope that all the problems we face today will be solved. Archbishop of Tsageri and LentekhiStepane(Kalaijishvili) The Chairman of the Centre of Spiritual and Intellectual Development of Youth at the Patriarchate of Georgia

16 qartvelologiis aqtualuri problemebi ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF KARTVELOLOGY II 15 tariel futkaraze qartuli enis teqnologizeba: pirveli rigis gadaudebeli amocanebi 1 Tqveno uwmindesobav, meufeno, qalbatonebo da batonebo, pirvel rigsi, gilocavt 14 aprils - saqartvelos saxelmwifo enis dres wlis 14 aprils, saqartvelos mosaxleobis Rirseulma Svilebma, qartvelebmac da sxva etnikuri jgufebis warmomadgenlebmac, daicves saqartvelos saxelmwifo enis statusi, Sesabamisad, 14 aprili aris saqartvelos saxelmwifo enis dacvis dre da ara mxolod qartvelta dedaenis dre. 14 aprili dremde oficialurad kvalificirdeba, rogorc qartvelta dedaenis dre; aseti saxeldeba naklebad izleva sasualebas, 14 aprili izeimon saqartvelos moqalaqe etnikurma somxebma, azerbaijanlebma, rusebma, osebma, afxazebma da a.s. dedaenad micnevis SemTxvevaSi am dres ra unda izeimon, magalitad, saqartvelos moqalaqe somxebma? Tuki 14 aprili xelisuflebis mier oficialurad gamocxaddeba saqartvelos saxelmwifo enis dred, darwmunebuli var, saqartvelos moqalaqeni am dres pativiscemit arnisnaven ara mxolod TbilisSi, batumsi, zugdidsa Tu TelavSi, aramed, axalqalaqsic, marneulsic, walkasic... mova dro, cxinvalsic, galsic, soxumsic da a.s. vfiqrob, 14 aprilis saxeldeba mxolod qartvelta dedaenis dred akninebs 35 wlis winandeli movlenis zogadsaxelmwifoebriv mnisvnelobas da xels ar uwyobs Cveni etnikuri umciresobebis integracias qartulenovan saxelmwifosi. aqve arvnisnav: mravali saukunea, qartvelebi dedaenis dres vuwodebt lazares SabaTs; wels lazares SabaTi - qartuli enis dre - aris 27 aprils. bolo periodsi xelisuflebis mier araadekvaturad naklebi yuradreba etmoba saqartvelos saxelmwifo enas: wlis 14 aprils saqartvelos sapatriarqostan arsebuli axalgazrdobis sulieri da inteleqtualuri ganvitarebis centrsi (samebis axalgazrduli centri) wakitxuli teqsti /mimartva eklesiisa da xelisuflebis pirvel pirebs da moxseneba qartuli enis teqnologizebis Sesaxeb/.

17 16 tariel futkaraze, qartuli enis teqnologizeba... deda ena aris naciis arsebobis safuzveli, xolo saxelmwifo ena qveynis Rirsebis sazomia; Sesabamisad, yvela normaluri xelisufleba gansakutrebul yuradrebas aqcevs saxelmwifos mtavar enas, paralelurad, ucxo enebsa Tu umciresobebis enebs; samwuxarod, dres saqartvelosi bevrs laparakoben regionuli Tu ucxo enebis Sesaxeb; magalitad, saqartvelos usafrtxoebis oficialur koncefciasi gatvaliswinebulia inglisuri enis swavlebis aucilebloba, magram gaazrebuli ar aris saqartvelos saxelmwifo enis statusis perspeqtiva; kerzod, qartuli ena, rogorc saxelmwifo ena de faqto ar funqcionirebs saqartvelos teritoriis mesamedze, danarcen teritoriaze ki misi daculobis xarisxi kritikas ver uzlebs; usafrtxoebis koncefciasi araferia natqvami am mimartulebit. axla ufro konkretulad Cemi drevandeli moxsenebis Temis Sesaxeb: dres qartuli ena sul axali gamowvevis winase dgas: Tanamedrove teqnologiebi radikalurad Secvlis msoflios enata momavals. saqartvelosi jerjerobit ar arsebobs qartuli enis srulmasstabian teqnologizebaze orientirebuli arc erti instituti; Sedegad, qartveli eri da saqartvelos saxelmwifo yvelaze naklebadaa momzadebuli am didi gamowvevistvis. Tanamedrove Tu momavali teqnologiuri naxtomebis pirobebsi qartuli saliteraturo ena kulturul enata rigsi rom darces, saamisod aucilebelia, droulad ganxorcieldes jer naweri, Semdeg ki, uaxloes momavalsi, zepiri teqstis avtomaturi Targmani; es SesaZlebels gaxdis, rom saqartvelos moqalaqem Tavis saxelmwifo enaze miiros globalur qselsi arsebuli informaciebi. saxelmwifo ena qveynis Rirsebis sazomia, Tanamedrove saxelmwifos Rirsebis ert-erti umtavresi sazomia saxelmwifo enis teqnologizebis done; garda amisa, mxolod qartuli enis Tanamedrove teqnologiebis enad qcevis SemTxvevaSi SeinarCunebs qartveli eri Tavisi kulturis ganmsazrvrel umtavres fenomens - dedaenas; Sesabamisad, avtomaturi Targmanis paralelurad, aucilebelia momzaddes kompiuteruli programebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofs qartuli enis srulmasstabian teqnologizebas. Tavis droze msoflios mravali ena daikarga imitom, rom misma mflobelma xalxma droulad ver Seqmna damwerloba

18 tariel futkaraze, qartuli enis teqnologizeba Tavisi dedaenisatvis; Tanamedrove pirobebsi bevri mravalsaukunovani samwignobro tradiciis ena da saxelmwifo ena gaqreba, Tuki mocemuli ena droulad ver gaxdeba internetsivrcis, avtomaturi Targmanebis, ultratanamedrove teqnikis zepiri brzanebit martvis ena; kerzod, vfiqrob, aucilebelia, saxelmwifos programuli dafinansebit (da ara, moklevadiani sagranto wesit) droulad ganxorcieldes mravalprofiliani grzelvadiani proeqti, romlis produqcia iqneba kompiuteruli programebi, romlebic: a. qartul zepir metyvelebas gadaaqcevs nabewd teqstad, b. avtomaturad aametyvelebs qartul nabewd eleqtronul teqsts, g. gaacifrebs nabewd produqciasa da xelnawerebs, d. ganaxorcielebs srulyofil avtomatur qartulenovan martlweras, e. ganaxorcielebs avtomatur Targmans qartulidan sxva enebze da piriqit... warmodgenili amocanebis gansaxorcieleblad aseve programuli dafinansebit saswrafodaa Sesaqmneli: qartuli enis didi eleqtronuli ganmartebiti leqsikoni /sadac Seva rogorc saliteraturi enis, aseve, qartvelta dialeqtebis leqsikac/; eleqtronuli mravaldargovani terminologiuri leqsikoni; samwignobro enis normebis interaqtiuli vebportali; sakutari saxelebis normatiuli eleqtronuli leqsikoni; qartuli enis teqstebis erovnuli korpusi, sadac Seva qartuli saliteraturo enis masalac da qartvelta dialeqturi monacemebic /megrul-lazuri da svanuri idiomebis CaTvliT/ 2 da sxv. 2 qartuli teqstebis erovnuli korpusi (qartveluri dialeqturi monacemebit) qartul enas SeunarCunebs istoriul erovnul (gamaertianeblur) da kulturul funqcias. dres aris mcdeloba, qartuli teqstebis korpusis paralelurad daigegmos /da Seiqmnas/ megruli, svanuri da lazuri teqstebis damoukidebeli korpusebic. uaxloes periodsi enobrivi korpusi iqceva eris /etnikuri jgufebis/ identobis umtavres ganmsazrvrel faqtorad, Sesabamisad, qartuli teqstebis erovnuli korpusis nacvlad otxi damoukidebeli "enis" korpusis (qartulis, megrulis, lazuris, svanuris) Seqmnis mcdeloba moemsaxureba mavanta interess,

19 18 tariel futkaraze, qartuli enis teqnologizeba... saqartvelosi qartuli ena ar aris mxolod ert-erti saswavlo sagani; igi sxva saganta swavlebis enacaa; davimowmeb profesor natela marlakelizisa da profesor nana lolazis kvlevebis Sedegebs da mokled vityvi: arsebuli erovnuli saswavlo gegma seriozul cvlilebebs moitxovs. sawiroa Seiqmnas qartuli saliteraturo enis swavlebis ertiani koncefcia swavlebis yvela safexurisatvis; amastan, sagangebo RonisZiebebia gasatarebeli maswavlebelta maral doneze momzadebisatvis da ara mxolod - gadamzadebisatvis. aseve, aucilebelia, SemuSavdes saxelmwifos pragmatuli midgoma qartvelta zepiri sasinao metyvelebebis gadasarcenad, romeltac namdvilad emuqrebat safrtxe; kerzod, gansakutrebit didi safrtxis winase aris: svanuri, taouri, livanuri, imerxeuli, rawuli, xevsuruli, TuSuri, moxeuri... qartvelta es kiloebi Cvens Tvalwin qrebian! Sesabamisad, aucileblad migvacnia, saskolo sagnad SemoviRoT: "qartvelta enobrivi samyaro", romlis pirvel nawilsi warmodgenili iqneba yvela qartveluri dialeqtis gavrcelebis areali da metyvelebis nimusebi, xolo meore nawilsi Seva specialuri kitxvari da instruqcia, rom mocemuli qartveluri kilos mflobels sasualeba hqondes, Seiswavlos da warmoacinos misi kutxuri metyvelebis leqsika. enobriv-etnikur-kulturulad daanawevros mravalsaukunovani qartveli eri.. aseve, problemuria arn. Ciqobavas enatmecnierebis institutis proeqtic: "saqartvelos lingvisturi portreti", romlis mixedvitac damoukidebel enebad itvleba megrul-lazuri da svanuri; aq sxva winaarmdegobacaa: saqartvelos mosaxleobis "lingvisturi portreti" ver Seiqmneba mxolod qartveluri masalit. vfiqrob, logikuria, megrul-svanuri-lazuri dialeqturi masala, sxva qartvelur dialeqtur (xevsurul, imerul, taour, herul, kaxur, mesxur...) monacemebtan ertad Sevides qartuli enis ertian erovnuli korpussi dialeqtebis statusit; kerzod: sxva mravali enis msgavsad, qartvelur enobriv samyarosic enakiloebis statusi Cven mier sociolingvisturi kriteriumebit fasdeba, Sesabamisad, Cveni proeqtis mixedvit qartuli teqstebis erovnul korpuss aqvs qartuli standartuli enisa da qartveluri dialeqturi masalis ganyofilebebi, romelta leqsikuri fondebi qartvelta samwignobro enis ertian perspeqtiul saleqsikono bazadaa gaazrebuli.

20 tariel futkaraze, qartuli enis teqnologizeba imedit arvnisnav, rom saqartvelos katolikos-patriarqis locva-kurtxevita momzadebul drevandel samecniero konferenciaze specialistta mier warmodgenili daskvnebi akademiur safuzvels moumzadebs axal xelisuflebas, sistemurad dagegmos da gadadgas is aucilebeli nabijebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofs: 1. Tanamedrove pirobebsi qartuli enis kulturuli funqciis SenarCunebas, 2. qartuli enis, rogorc saxelmwifo enis uflebebis dacvas, swavlebasa da kvlevas, 3. qartvelta samwignobro enis masazrdoebeli nakadulebis - qartvelta dialeqtebis - gadarcenasa da kvlevas. konkretuli amocanebi ase SeiZleba Camoyalibdes: 1. qartuli eleqtronuli nabewdi teqstis ametyveleba: 1.1. sintezatori alofonuri bazis safuzvelze; 1.2. sintezatori marcvlovani bazis safuzvelze; 1.3. sintezatori difonuri bazis safuzvelze da sxv. 2. qartuli metyvelebis nabew teqstad qceva: 2.1. karnaxit teqstis Cawera 2.2. teqnikis xmit martva da sxv. 3. ukve dabewdili wignebis/tu gazetebis/ teqstebisa da xelnawerebis eleqtronul nawer teqstad qceva (gacifreba); 4. qartuli enis morfologiur da sintaqsur procesorebze dafuznebuli martlmweris momzadeba; 5. qartul-inglisuri orenovani Transfer tipis Targmanis ganxorcieleba /naweri teqstisa/; 5.1. konkretul logikur gramatikul modelze orientirebuli qartuli enis morfologiuri procesoris ageba; 5.2. konkretul gramatikul modelze araorientirebuli qartuli enis morfologiuri procesoris ageba; 5.3. qartuli enis sintaqsuri procesoris ageba; 6. qartul-inglisuri orenovani Targmanis ganxorcieleba e.w. logikur-matematikuri meta-enis SuamavlobiT; 7. qartuli enis leqsikur monacemta eleqtronuli bazis Seqmna: 7.1. qartuli enis ganmartebiti leqsikoni, qartuli enis kombinirebuli ganmartebiti leqsikoni.../

21 20 tariel futkaraze, qartuli enis teqnologizeba qartul-inglisuri da sxva orenovani eleqtronuli leqsikonebis mopoveba /Seqmna/ 7.3. ucxouri terminebis Targmnis mudmivi centris amoqmedeba 8. qartuli enis reprezentaciuli (momcvelobiti) da dabalansebuli (presa, beletristika, saqmiani dokumentacia, gvarsaxelebi, reestris sxva monacemebi da sxv.) teqstebis korpusis Seqmna: 8.1. morfologiur da sintaqsur procesorebze orientirebuli teqstebis korpusi /procesori - saziebo sistema, romelic mozebnis nebismier morfologiur formants/kategorias da sintaqsur struqturas/, daadgens sityvis sixsires: ufro romel leqsikur erteulebtan (colocation) Tu metyvelebis nawilebtan gvxdeba (colligation); gaaketebs reziumirebas; 8.2. teqstebis morfosintaqsurad anotirebuli /an naxevrad anotirebuli/korpusi: naxevrad avtomaturi analizatoris mesveobit korpusis anotireba da anotatorta mier xelit Casworeba (/Semowmeba ramdenad sworad aris anotirebuli am analiztoris mier)/... warmodgenili amocanebi sqematurad ase SeiZleba gamovsaxot:

22 tariel futkaraze, qartuli enis teqnologizeba daskvnis nacvlad: saqartvelos xelisuflebis mier SemuSavebul "erovnuli usafrtxoebis koncefciis" dokumentsi (romelic devs saqartvelos sagareo saqmeta saministros vebgverdze 3, ar Cans, Cemi azrit, xuti arsebiti mimartuleba: a. qartvelta enobriv-etnikuri ertianobis SenarCunebisaTvis zrunva; b. qartuli enis, rogorc saxelmwifo enis, funqcionirebis ardgenis strategiis SemuSaveba da umciresobebisatvis saqartvelos saxelmwifo enis swavlebit integraciis realuri pirobebis Seqmna; g. qartuli enis teqnologizeba; am kutxit saqartvelos ganatlebis sistemis dagegmva saqartvelos saxelmwifo interesebis gatvaliswinebit; 3 (2013 wlis monacemebit).

23 22 tariel futkaraze, qartuli enis teqnologizeba... d. saqartvelos saxelmwifoobriobis istoriistvis qartulenovani martlmadideblobisa da saqartvelos eklesiis gansakutrebuli rolis ariareba; e. samxret kavkasiasi (tao-klarjeti, lazeti) mcxovrebi avtoqtoni qartvelebis etnikuri identobisa da qartveluri kulturuli memkvidreobisatvis zrunva. kacobriobis istoria xalxebis gacenisa da gaqrobis mzime qronikaa. am fonze saswauls hgavs qartveli eris 33- saukunovani sicocxle, romelic, pirvel rigsi, qartuli enitaa ganxorcielebuli... uflis SewevniT, didi kulturuli revoluciebis Jams drouli reagirebit xdeboda qartuli enisa da kulturis asvla axal simarleze - Cvens mier naxsenebi saswauli qartvelebis Rirseuli warmomadgenlebis xelit xorcieldeboda; dresac didi kulturuli naxtomi xorcieldeba enebis teqnologizebit - mxolod internetsivrcis enad qceva gadaarcens qartul enas, Sesabamisad, qartvel ers. imedia, uaxloes momavalsi ganxorcieldeba qartuli enis teqnologizeba; Sesabamisad, kidev didxans iqneba qartuli ena qartvelta erovnuli sicocxle da saqartvelos saxelmwifos umtavresi Rirseba!

24 tariel futkaraze, qartuli enis teqnologizeba Tariel Putkaradze Technologizing of Georgian Language/the Most Urgent Tasks/ S u m m a r y Modern technology radically changes the prospects of the world languages: Numerous languages in the world, the alphabet of which had not been created, have disappeared. Even today a lot of century-old traditional and state literary languages will turn into Papuan languages if the given language is not transformed into the language of modern internet space, automatic translation, international information sources, the computer/or other machines/, technique control/oral voice orders/, etc. There is no institution oriented on full-scale technologizing of the Georgian language so far in Georgia; consequently, the Georgian nation and the Georgian state is the least prepared for this big challenge. In order to leave the Georgian literary language among the world s cultural languages in the condition of the contemporary or future technological leaps, it is necessary to put the automatic translation of the written and later oral texts into practice; this will enable Georgian citizens to get the information presented in the global network in their native tongue. State language is the standard for measuring the dignity of the nation, the level of technologizing of the state language is the standard of measurement of any modern state; besides, only turning Georgian into the language of modern technologies will preserve mother tongue- the defining phenomenon of the Georgian national identity; therefore, together with the automatized translation, it is necessary to prepare computer programs which will ensure the fullscale technologizing of the Georgian language; in particular, we can name the following specific tasks: 1. Turning Georgian electronic printed texts into speech: 1.1. Synthesizer based on allophones; 1.2. Synthesizer based on syllables; 1.3. Synthesizer based on diaphones, etc. 2. Turning Georgian speech into printed texts: 2.1. Recording dictated texts; 2.2. Controlling texts with voice, etc. 3. Creating digital versions of already printed books/or newspapers/ and manuscripts;

25 24 tariel futkaraze, qartuli enis teqnologizeba Preparing orthography based on the morphological and syntactical processes of the Georgian language; 5. Preparing Georgian-English bilingual Transfer-type translation /written texts/; 5.1. Constructing Georgian language morphological processor oriented on concrete logical grammatical models; 5.2. Constructing Georgian language morphological processor which is not oriented on concrete logical grammatical models; 5.3. Constructing Georgian language syntactical processor; 6. Conducting Georgian-English bilingual translation with the help of the so-called logical-mathematical meta-language; 7. Creating electronic database of Georgian vocabulary; 7.1. Georgian language explanatory dictionary, Georgian language combined explanatory dictionary Creating Georgian-English and other bilingual electronic dictionaries; 7.3. Enactment of a permanent center which will work on translation of foreign terms; 8. Creating a corpus of comprehensive and balanced texts (press, fiction, business documents, names, registry and other data); 8.1. Corpus of texts oriented on morphological and syntactical processors/processor a search engine which will find any morphological formant/category and syntactical structure/, will determine the frequency of words: collocation or colligation; will create summaries; 8.2. Morphologically annotated/partly-annotated/ corpora of texts: correction will be made with the help of semi-automated analyzers (they will check whether this is properly annotated by this analyzer). The mankind history is a severe chronicle of emergence and disappearance of peoples. Regarding the background, the 33-century existence of the Georgian nation, mainly thanks to the Georgian language, is like a miracle. With the help of God, Georgian language and culture managed to climb to new heights thanks to the timely reactions to major cultural revolutions. The abovementioned miracles were carried out by dignified Georgians; a great cultural leap is made today by technologizing languages and turning Georgian into the language of internet that will enable it to survive; consequently, the Georgian language will be the main national dignity of the Georgian nation!

26 qartvelologiis aqtualuri problemebi ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF KARTVELOLOGY II 25 Suqia afridonize Toponimia da qartuli saliteraturo enis normebi toponimebi, anu geografiuli saxelebi sakutar saxelta ufartoesi wris ert-ert yvelaze mnisvnelovan jgufs Seadgens. es mnisvneloba Sepirobebulia, pirvel yovlisa, mati samisamarto funqciit. amis gamo geografiul saxelebs, metadre didi obieqtebis saxelebs - rogorc bunebrivis (zrvebi, tbebi, mtebi, mdinareebi...), ise xelovnurisas (qalaqebi da sxva dasaxlebuli punqtebi) da mati martlweris wesebis, agretve sxva enebze am saxelta transliteraciis wesebis damusavebas saxelmwifoebrivi funqcia eniweba. amrigad, toponimta ortografia saertasoriso standartizaciis sakitxtagania da saqartvelos yvela ganatlebuli moqalaqe movalea icnobdes im qveynis geografiul saxelebs, romelsic cxovrobs, da sworad iyenebdes mat rogorc zepir, ise (da gansakutrebit) werits metyvelebasi. qartuli enis isviatma ortografiulma Tvisebam _ bgerisa (fonemis) da asos (grafemis) zedmiwevnitma (ase vtqvat, unasto ) Sesatyvisobam, meore mxriv ki _ qartuli saliteraturo enis xangrzlivma da mdidarma tradiciebma qartvel normalizatorebs didad gauadvila musaoba, Tumca arc sakompensacio sirtule dahklebia mats musaobas. am mxriv mxedvelobasi gvaqvs geografiul saxelta kumsva-kvecis sakitxi, iseve rogorc rtuli struqturis toponimta SemTxvevaSi _ mati komponentebis Serwymulad Tu cal-calke weris praqtika, xolo ucxour toponimta qartulad gadmorebisas Tavs icens specifikuri Tanxmovnebis qartuli grafemebit gadmocemis, anu transliteraciis, rig SemTxvevaSi ki _ Targmnis sakitxic. winamdebare werilis mizania im saxelmzrvanelo principebis gamoyofa, romeltac eyrdnoba toponimta dawerilobis ortografiuli normebi rogorc sakutriv qartuli (an saqartvelos) toponimebis, ise ucxouri analogiuri masalis qartulad gaformebisas. 1 1 unda SevniSnoT, rom am mimartulebit didi musaoba Caatara qartul sabwota enciklopediastan (qse) arsebulma satranskrifcio jgufma ivane gigineisvilis xelmzrvanelobit: kona gigineisvili, mixeil WabaSvili, aleqsandre kobaxize. am musaobis Sedegad momzadda da gamoica xuti ortografiuli

27 26 Suqia afridonize, toponimia... I. toponimebis kumsva-kveca a. geografiul saxelebs Sualeduri adgili uwiravt sxva sakutar saxelebsa (adamianta, xalxta, cxovelta da sxv.) da sazogado saxelebs Soris, raki toponimebsi xsirad monawileobs geografiuli adgilis armnisvneli sazogado saxelebi: qalaqi, sofeli, ubani... mta, qedi, wyali, wyaro... yana, tye da a.s. amis gamo geografiuli saxelebi xsirad iseve iqceva, rogorc zemoarnisnuli saxelebi: zogi ikumseba (Sdr. apelativi ubani > *umani: ubn-is > -umnis), toponimi abastumani (abastumnis); zogic ikveceba: Sdr. agretve: cixe (cixis) da axalcixe (axalcixis) da mist. xolo zogi iseve ar icvleba, rogorc calke mdgomi satanado sazogado saxeli (Sdr.: apelativi qalaqi da toponimi axalqalaqi). aris piruku SemTxvevebic, roca rtuli Sedgenilobis toponimis meore komponenti ukvecelia, mteli kompoziti ki _ kvecadi (Sdr.: jixa (megr. = cixe); nat. jixas (megr. jixas), magram: walenjixis). kumsvis ZiriTadi wesebi emtxveva apelativebisas: ikumseba a an e, isviatad o xmovnebi narnara l, m, n, r Tanxmovnebis win (Cargali _ Carglis, yvareli _ yvarlis, okami _ okmis, Weremi _ Wermis, qsani qsnis, xodaseni _ xodasnis, mtkvari _ mtkvris, eweri _ ewris, iori _ ivris...). amave wesit ikumseba zogi mezobeli qveynis deda-qalaqis saxelwodebac: erevani _ erevn-is, agretve sparsetis provincia fereidani (nat. fereidn-is), sadac otxi saukunis cnobari, mat Soris samia geografiul saxelta ortografiuli leqsikonebi: saqartvelosi (1987, 2009), sabwota kavsirisa (1987) da sazrvargaretis qveynebisa (1989). mat win uswrebda vარლამ Tofurias da ivანე gigineisvilis ავტორობით 1968 wელს gamocemuli qartuli enis ortografiuli leqsikoni, romelsac bolosi ertvis sakutar saxelta da mat Soris geografiul saxelta 50-gverdiani vrceli sia ( ) w. arn. Ciqobavas sax. enatmecnierebis institutis qartuli metyvelebis kulturis ganyofilebis bazaze momzadda da 2002 wels gamoica Jurnalistikis stilistikuri cnobari, romelsic mocemulia gaertianebul erta organizaciasi Semavali saxelmwifoebisa da mati dedaqalaqebis CamonaTvali, agretve satanado qveynebsi moqmedi valutisa da yvelaze gavrcelebuli enebis Sesaxeb arsebuli cnobebi.

28 Suqia afridonize, toponimia winat gadaasaxla Sah-abasma kaxetidan tyved wayvanili qartveloba; aqedan _ sadaurobis saxeli fereidnel(eb)i. ufro stabiluria kvecis sakitxi: a-ze fuzegatavebuli toponimebi ugamonaklisod ikveceba: mcxeta _ mcxetis, avwala _ avwalis da mist. es wesi vrceldeba msoflios amave modelis nebismier toponimze, iqneba is kontinentis, qveynis, qalaqisa Tu sxva geografiuli obieqtis saxeli: amerika _ amerikis, evropa _ evropis, kuba _ kubis, alabama _ alabamis, arizona _ arizonis, indiana _ indianis, jorjia _ jorjiis, iuta _ iutis, barselona _ barselonis, havana _ havanis da a.s. 2 samagierod, ukvecelia is toponimebi, romlebic bolosi irtaven derivaciul (sityvamawarmoebel) a xmovans: makratela, peranga, naqerala, nazva, unagira, xida, orbozala, rusava, qudnisla, Savnabada, wyalwitela, xaristvala, xevxmela da mist. Sesabamisad, am toponimta natesaobitis formebi gveqneba: makratelas, naqeralas, nazvas, perangas, unagiras, xidas, orbozalas, rusavas, qudnislas, Savnabadas, wyalwitelas, xaristvalas, xevxmelas magram am myar wess xsirad ar icaven Cveni Jurnalistebi TviT saqartvelos toponimta xmarebisas iani wlebsi afxazetis avtonomiur respublikasi mimdinare procesebis gasuqebis dros a-ze fuzegatavebul sofelta saxelebis natesaobitsi xsenebisas Tbiliseli Jurnalistebi bolokidur a- s, rogorc wesi, ar kvecdnen: koxoras, gagidas, sidas, xurcas, orsantias, otobaias (mosaxleoba). aseti midgoma, safiqrebelia, iribad metyvelebs mattvis am toponimta srul ucxoobas. 3 aq erti SeniSvna unda davurtot naqerala-s an wyalwitela-s tipis toponimebze msjelobas: saqme isaa, rom principulad SeiZleba arsebobdes naqerala an wyalwitela ukumsveli, orond kvecadi saxitac (naqeralis, wyalwitelis), magram es mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ertsa da imave etnodialeqtur regionsi Usxvadasxva obieqtis saxelebad gveqneba naqerali-c (romelic kumsvad brunvebsi mogvcemda SekumSul formas naqerlis saxit) da naqerala-c. gadamwyvet rols aq asrulebs mocemul regionsi gabatonebuli fonetikuri wesi kumsvakvecisa, mezobeli dialeqtis an ama Tu im qartveluri enis gavlenis Zala da a.s. (mag., zanuris gavlenis sferosi moqceuli obieqtis saxeli toponimi ufro Znelad eqvemdebareba kumsva-kvecas, vidre qartuli enis armosavlur kiloebtan momijnave regionis toponimebi).

29 28 Suqia afridonize, toponimia... b. rac Seexeba e xmovanze fuzegatavebul toponimebs, kvecis unaris mxriv diferencirebulia qartuli an saqartvelos da ucxouri warmosobis toponimebi, kerzod, qartuli masala askarad kvecis nimusebs gvicvenebs, masin roca araqartuli toponimebi ukveceli rceba. Sdr.: sabue _ sabuis; sairme _ sairmis, magram: dusanbe (qalaqi) _ dusanbes, iordane (mdinare) _ iordanes, Cile (saxelmwifo) _ Ciles... ukvecelia, meore mxriv, zanuri (megruli) warmosobis le _ e afiqsebit nawarmoebi oikonimebi (anu soflebis saxelebi), romlebic upiratesad ama Tu im gvarisgan iwarmoeba: lefocxu-e (gvaridan focxua), le-sxulux-e (gva- ridan sxuluxia) da mist., an o _ e afiqsebit nawarmoebi toponimebi: o-irem-e, o-xacqu-e da mist. g. fuziseuli -i sufiqsis mqone toponimebi, rogorc wesi, mxolod ucxouria da fuziseuli i-c SenarCunebulia. mag.: mali (mic. malis, malisi), taiti (mic. taitis, taitize), haiti (mic. haitis, haitize), niu-jersi (niu-jersisi), jibuti (jibutisi), fiji (mic. fijis) da mist. asetive saxelebia: md. misisipi, md. misuri, q. deli, q. iasi da sxv. d. -et sufiqsi awarmoebs evropisa da aziis, mat Soris volgispiretisa da kavkasiis mokavsire Tu avtonomiuri respublikebis saxelta mawarmoeblad. esenia: TaTreTi [da ara: satatreti, tatarstani] mordveti [da ara: mordva] somxeti [da ara: sasomxeti] yalmuxeti [da ara: kalmikia] yaracaet-cerqezeti [da ara: yaracai-cerkesia] yabardo-balyareti [da ara: kabardino-balkaria] yarayalfaxeti, yarayalpaketi [da ara: karakalpakia]... bolo otxi erteuli imitacaa mnisvnelovani, rom aq rusuli k bgeris adgilas y Tanxmovani Caismis, romlitac iwyeba sityva yara (Turq.= Savi). amave wess emorcileba jer kidev sabwouri xanidan gadmohyva aziis islamuri respublikebis gaqartulebuli saxelebi: TurqmeneTi, yazaxeti, yirgizeti, uzbeketi, tajiketi, romlebic sakutar enebze -stan sufiqsit formdeba (iseve rogorc mezobeli qristianuli qveynis _ somxetis TviTwodeba _ haiastan, xolo rusulad _ evropuli enebis gavlenit _ -ia kompleqsze fuzegatavebuli, -ия-s saxit: Армения). II. toponimta Targmna-uTargmnelobis sakitxi

30 Suqia afridonize, toponimia calkea gansaxilveli toponimta Targmnis sakitxi. aq gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs arsanisni obieqtis ragvaroba, saxeldobr is, Tu risi saxelia esa Tu is toponimi: bunebrivi, fizikur-geografiuli obieqtisa (mta, qedi, zrva, tba...) Tu dasaxlebuli punqtisa (qalaqi, daba, sofeli...). qveynebisa da saxelmwifota saxelebi (e. w. qoronimebi), rogorc wesi, ar itargmneba _ arc masin, roca egzonimuria saxeli (e. i. roca qveyanas garewodebit, anu egzonimit ixsenieben), da arc masin, roca saxeli endonimuria (e. i. endonimit, anu TviTwodebiT ixsenieba). magram qveynebis saxelebi, Cveulebriv, ama Tu im enasi moqmedi specifikuri afiqsebit iwarmoeba, rac uadvilebs adgilobriv mcxovrebt sakutar saxelsi amoicnos satanado qveynis saxelwodeba. am funqciit qartulsi yvelaze metad ixmareba -et sufiqsi. igi upiratesad ixmareba Tanamedrove Tu istoriuli saqartvelos mxare-kutxeebis saxelta formantad: afxazeti, svaneti, imereti, mesxeti, javaxeti, SavSeTi, klarjeti, lazeti // WaneTi, kaxeti, xevsureti, TuSeTi, mtiuleti, oseti...; amat ki, Tavis mxriv, mxars uwerda analogiuri gzit kidev ufro wvrili dasaxlebuli obieqtebis _ dabebisa da soflebis _ saxeldebis praqtika. aseti oikonimebia: duseti, TianeTi, karaleti, tbeti, wyneti, kiketi, besleti, cxrukveti da mravali sxva. amrigad, xatovnad rom vtqvat, -et sufiqsma patara soflidan amave Zirisagan nawarmoebi didi msofliosken gadainacvla! am sufiqsit qartulma awarmova TiTqmis yvela axlo Tu Soreuli mezobeli qveynis saxelebi, pirvel yovlisa, cxadia, CrdiloeT kavkasiis qveynebisa: jiqeti, CerqezeTi, balyareti, didoeti, leketi, xunzeti, CaCneTi, inguseti, xazareti, yalmuxeti... TiTqmis mteli evropisa da aziis qveynebi qartulsi swored -et sufiqsit gaformebuli saxit gadmoicema: ruseti, CineTi, monroleti, yazaxeti, yirgizeti, uzbeketi, tajiketi, TurqmeneTi, TaTreTi, mordveti, baskireti, CuvaSeTi, TurqeTi, somxeti, poloneti, ungreti, CexeTi, bulgareti, rumineti, moldaveti, albaneti, serbeti, fineti, SvedeTi, estoneti, espaneti, basketi... or SemTxvevaSi -et sufiqss Seerwymis TavsarTi sa-c: safrangeti da saberzneti. (mati analogiit arasworad ixsenieben somxets, rogorc sasomxets). rac Seexeba sakutriv Targmnas, pirvel yovlisa, itargmneba: a. wminda geografiuli obieqtis armnisvneli rtuli struqturis, Cveulebriv, orsityviani toponimebi, romlebsic

31 30 Suqia afridonize, toponimia... xsirad monawileobs Tavad arsanisni sazogado saxelebi: mta, qedi, myinvari, zrva, tba, yure, ube, dablobi, marlobi, zegani, xeoba, kunzuli, naxevarkunzuli da mist. am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs toponimis sanaxevro TargmnasTan. mag., kavkasionis qedi, uralis qedi, baikalis tba, kaspiis zrva da mist. mtlianad itargmneba xolme zrvebis saxelebi, rodesac matsi monawileobs ama Tu im feris armnisvneli msazrvreli: TeTri zrva, Savi zrva, yviteli zrva, mewamuli zrva. Cveulebriv ki, orsemadgenliani geografiuli saxelebidan itargmneba ert-erti _ sazogado saxeli (mta, qedi, zrva, tba da mist.), an msazrvreli (didi, mcire / patara, centraluri / Sua da a.s.). meore komponenti _ sakutari saxeli _ xan natesaobit brunvasi dgas (tibetis zegani, oxotis zrva), xanac ixamebs zomis, orientaciis an sxva Tvisebis armnisvnel msazrvrels (didi kavkasioni, mcire kavkasioni; Sua azia, mcire azia da mist.) b. im qveynebisa da saxelmwifota saxelebi, romlebic ama Tu im politikuri gaertianebis safuzvelzea warmoqmnili, aucileblad itargmneba. sanimusod vasaxelebt ramdenime ZiriTad saxelmwifos: amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi (ass _ USA); didi britaneti, anu gaertianebuli samefo (Great Britain; United Kingdom); samxret afrikis respublika (South African Republic)... aseti iyo axlo warsulsi sabwota kavsiric (Soviet Union < Советский Союз). g. msazrvrelebi, romlebic wesisamebr itargmneba, arctu isviatad qveynis mxareta (nawilta) armnisvneli saxelebia. es msazrvrelebi xan TviTon arian sazrvrulebi, xan ki Tavad ganisazrvrebian sakutari msazrvrelebit (Sdr.: Soreuli armosavleti da axlo armosavleti); amgvari sityvebi upiratesad Tavad gvevlinebian msazrvrelebad: dasavleti evropa, armosavleti evropa; CrdiloeTi amerika, samxreti amerika... (Sdr. es ukanaskneli wyvili polusebis msazrvrelebad: CrdiloeTi polusi, samxreti polusi). aq Tavs icens normis darrvevis SemTxvevebi. kerzod, arctu isviatad mavanta nawerebsi am saxis msazrvrelebi warmodgeba oden fuzis saxit: dasavlet evropa, samxret kavkasia da mist. arc ert enasi, romelsic ki gamoyenebulia es msazrvreli, mokvecili saxit igi arsad ar gvxvdeba; metic, yvela enasi, sadac ki zedsartavi ibrunvis, igi etanxmeba Tavis sazrvruls

32 Suqia afridonize, toponimia sxvadasxva brunvasi, xolo gramatikuli sqesis mqone enebsi _ sqessic ki: mag.: Западняя Сибирь, (в) Западной Сибири. safiqrebelia, rom am formebis warmosoba qartulsi ukavsirdeba iset precedents, rogoricaa samxret osetis avtonomiuri olqi, romelic TavisTavad gramatikulad sworadaa gaformebuli _ iseve rogorc xeloba-wodebis armnisvneli arsebiti saxeli natesaobitsa da moqmedebitsi ikvecs xolme i xmovans (msgavsad micemit-vitarebiti brunvebisa: profesor SaniZis, profesor SaniZiT; eqim aladasvilis, eqim aladasvilit). magram roca sasaubro metyvelebasi am grzeli saxelwodebis Semoklebis gzit irrveva administraciuli xasiatis definicia da virebt wminda geografiul daxasiatebas, Semoklebul sintagmas Tvisebrivad Sesabamisi sintaqsuri meqanizmi unda Seewyos (saxelobitsi dasmuli atributuli, anu SeTanxmebuli msazrvreli + sazrvruli: samxreti oseti), am Semoklebis operacias ki umartebulod Seewira msazrvrelis SeTanxmeba sazrvrultan (saxelobit brunvasi). amis Sedegad sintaqsur urtiertobad miviret ara msazrvrel-sazrvrulis SeTanxmeba brunvasi (rasac am administraciuli erteulis gaformeba nebismier enasi izleva), aramed mirtva, romelsac, Cveulebriv, izleva zmnizeduri konstruqcia, anu zmnizedis Semcveli sintagma. gana sintagmebi _ samxreti polusi, samxreti amerika da mist. Sexamebani zmnizeduri sintagmebit Seqmnil mirtvis magalitebs gvtavazobs? TvalsaCinoebisaTvis moviyvanot zmnizediani sintagma aqet (an iqit) vixedebi, romelsic uformo sityva (aqet / iqit) exameba zmnas (vixedebi). magram SeiZleba zmnizeda gadavaqciot msazrvrelad, Tu mas arsebit saxels SevuwyobT: aqeta mxare, iqita napiri. roca zmnizedas xmovani /a/ daemata, amit igi atributul msazrvrelad iqca, vinaidan mxolod am cvlilebis Sedegad daukavsirda igi saxels. gavixsenot kargad cnobili mxare Cveni armosavleti mtianetisa: piriqiti xevsureti. es msazrvreli ise fartodaa cnobili mtasi, rom amjamad sazrvrulis garesec ixmareba. swored saxeluri msazrvrelis funqciis mqonea i xmovandartuli qveynis nawilis armnisvneli sityvebi da am xmovnis garese saxelobit brunvasi igi arc ixmareba. es msazrvreli sityvebi am formit sistematurad ixmareba astronimiasi, istoriasa da geografiasi, arqiteqturasa da xelovnebatmcodneobasi (CrdiloeTi / samxreti polusebi, mtis CrdiloeTi / samxreti kalta, dasavleti napiri,

33 32 Suqia afridonize, toponimia... eklesiis / tazris armosavleti / dasavleti fasadebi, qveynis samxreti sazrvari...). sxvagvarad is srulfasovnad ver Seasrulebda gramatikul-semantikur funqciebs atributuli msazrvrelisas. rac mtavaria, amgvar SexamebebSi msazrvrel-sazrvrulis sintaqsuri urtiertobis principebia daculi, rac asaxulia kidec mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargsi momusave Cvens klasikos mecnierta fuzemdeblur nasromebsi. gavixsenot, rom jer kidev me-18 saukunesi amgvari sityvebi -et sufiqsit jer kidev ar iyo gaformebuli, rasac TvalsaCinod mowmobs vaxusti batonisvilis arwera samefosa saqartvelosa, romelsic qveynis mxareta arsanisnavad ixmareba Semdegi terminebi: armosavali, dasavali, Crdilo (an bruari)... mxolod odnav mogvianebit, roca 1918 w. TbilisSi daarsda universiteti, xolo maleve (1921 w.) Seiqmna samecniero terminologiis komiteti ivane javaxisvilis xelmzrvanelobit, qveynis nawilta armnisvneli saxelebis msazrvrelad gamoyenebis wesebic SemuSavda. istoriasa Tu geografiasi Seqmnili yvela imdroindeli saxelmzrvanelo (iqneba is iv. javaxisvilis qartveli eris istoria Tu davit donduas, levan maruasvilisa da sxvata Sromebi geografiasi) swored am wesebs daeqvemdebara. egeve wesebi Tanamimdevruladaa gatarebuli qartul enciklopediasi, ganmartebiti da ortografiuli leqsikonebis yvela gamocemasi, Cvens saskolo Tu umarles saswavlebelta saxelmzrvaneloebsa Tu kartografiul wyaroebsi (rukebsa da atlasebsi). principebi mwyobria da logikurad dasabutebuli. amdenad mati gadasinjvis safuzveli ar arsebobs. SeniSvna 1. fuzis saxit arnisnuli msazrvrelebi ertadert SemTxvevaSi iqneboda Tavis adgilas: Tu msazrvrelsazrvrulis sintagma mtliani zedsartavis mnisvnelobas SeiZens, masin orive komponenti SeerTdeba da kompoziti formas miirebs, msazrvreli nawili ki mxolod da mxolod fuzis saxit unda iqnes gamoyenebuli, ase: dasavleti evropa, magram: dasavletevropuli enebi (cekvebi, tansacmeli da mist.). d. qveynis mxareta armnisvneli msazrvrelebi (samxreti, dasavleti da mist.) SeiZleba mdinareta saxelebsac _ hidronimebsac gansazrvravdes. orond gansxvavebuli hidroobieqtebi odnav gansxvavebuli formit Seewyoba hidronimebs. amgvari msazrvrelebis sawiroeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gacndes, Tuki mdinareebs erti da igive saxeli hqviat

34 Suqia afridonize, toponimia da msazrvrelebs mati warmomavlobis Cveneba da kalapotebis gamijvnis funqcia ekisrebat. am SemTxvevaSi qveynis mxareta armnisvneli msazrvrelebi natesaobitsi dadgeba. evropul enebsi, mat Soris rusulsic xmeletisa da mdinaris mxareta arsanisnavad msazrvrelebi erti da imave formit ixmareba, qartulsi ki hidronimebi emijnebian toponimebs natesaobitis formit. SeniSvna 2. sainteresoa, rom rusulsi gaumijnavia miwebisa da mdinareta saxelebi qveynis mxareta armnisvnelebis msazrvrelebad xmarebis mxriv. Sdr.: Западняя Сибирь (dasavleti cimbiri), Восточная Сибирь (armosavleti cimbiri) da Западняя Двина (dasavletis dvina), Северная Двина (CrdiloeTis dvina). e. hidronimebtan dakavsirebit wamoiwra kidev erti problema, romelic qartvelma enatmecnierebma warmatebit gadawres. sakitxi exeba zogierti qalaqis dubletur saxelebs. isini gamijnulia im mdinareebis saxelta mixedvit, romlebzedac mdebareobs esa Tu is qalaqi. am konteqstsi analogiuri sakitxi idga germaniis zogi analogiuri qalaqis saxelwodebis mimartac. germanulsa da rusulsi dasaxelebulia jer qalaqi da Semdeg is mdinare, romlis pirasac mdebareobs es qalaqi. Tanamimdevroba zustad asetia: qalaqis saxeli + windebuli (-ze) + mdinaris saxeli. Mmag., germanulsi: Frankfurt an Mein, Sdr. Frankfurt an der Oder; rusulsi: Куйбышев-на-Волге, Комсомольск-на-Амуре. magram, raki qartulsi Tandebulovani sistema gvaqvs, da ara windebulovani, es modeli sruliad gamousadegari iqneboda qartulisatvis - frankfurti mainze mouxerxebel pasuxs mivirebdit SesaZlo kitxvebze: sada xar? sad midixar? pasuxad unda migvero: frankfurtsi mainze _ orsave wevrze sadaobis TandebulTa (-Si, -ze) dartvit! am sirtulis mosaxsnelad moizebna optimaluri gza aseti modelis gamoyenebit: mdinaris saxeli natesaobitsi + qalaqis saxeli + satanado Tandebuli: mainis frankfurtsi, oderis frankfurtsi, volgis kuibisevsi, amuris komsomolsksi da a.s. es principi amjamad sayoveltaodaa gaziarebuli da, Sesabamisad, ertianad gatarebuli sxvadasxva avtoritetul sacnobaro wyarosi, mat Soris: qartul enciklopediasi, ortografiul, ganmartebit Tu orenovan leqsikonebsi,

35 34 Suqia afridonize, toponimia... umarlesi da sasualo skolis saxelmzrvaneloebsa Tu kartografiul gamocemebsi (rukebsa da atlasebsi). v. dasasrul, sagangebod unda arinisnos bunebrivi barierebis _ mtebisa da wylebis _ gaswvriv Tu gadarma Seqmnili sivrcobrivi orientirebis amsaxveli obieqtebis qartulad gaformebis wesi. vgulisxmobt, pirvel yovlisa, iseti did sivrceta saxelebs, rogoricaa amierkavkasiis tipis makrotoponimebi. mattvis marjved iqna gamoyenebuli ramdenime elementi: prepoziciuri imier-, postpoziciuri -pireti da sufiqsi -et. mati mesveobit gaqartulda mteli rigi didi teritoriebis saxelwodebebi, romlebistvisac rusulsi gamoiyeneba specifikuri elementebi (При-, По-, За- TavsarTebi da -ье bolosarti). aseti makrotonimebia: Приднепровье, Приднестровье, Поволжье, Прибалтика, Приуралье... da qartulad mat gadmosacemad marjved mignebuli qartulad gaformebuli saxelebi, erti mxrit: uralispireti, volgispireti, dneprispireti, dnestris-pireti, baltiispireti... meore mxrit ki _ imierbaikaleti da imierkarpateti da mist. (Sdr. Забайкалье, Закарпатье). es gaqartulebuli toponimebi miviret arsebuli amierkavkasiisa da imierkavkasiis analogiit, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, gansxvavdebian damrqmevta poziciebit, am SemTxvevaSi samxretis (saqartvelos) mxridan nagulisxmebi orientaciis gatvaliswinebit. Sdr. CrdiloeTis (evropuli) orientaciidan amosvlit Seqmnili makrotoponimebi: Transcaucasus da Закавказье). rogorc vxedavt, toponimta Targmnis praqtika arsebitad bunebrivi obieqtebis, mokled rom vtqvat, mta-qedebisa da didi wylebis mier Seqmnili sivrceebis saxelta xvedria. dasaxlebuli punqtebis _ didi Tu mcire qalaqebis saxelwodebebi praqtikulad utargmnelia, Tumca es mati etimologizebis xelaxal cdas xels ar uslis.

36 Suqia afridonize, toponimia Shukia Apridonidze Toponyms and Norms of the Georgian Literary Language S u m m a r y Geographical names, such as the names of natural objects or settlements, are one of the most important issues among the normative problems of the literary language. We can highlight the following issues: 1. Names of sides of the country (west, east, etc.) used as adjectives within toponyms and hydronyms; 2. Spatial orientations according to the natural objects (mountains and waters) and their reflection in terminology and macrotoponymy; 3. Georgian names of countries and elements reflecting settlements within the Georgian territory ( from the village to the world ); 4. Georgian terms referring to spatial parameters and their normative usage; 5. Issues concerning the translated and untranslated geographical names in complex toponymy.

37 36 qartvelologiis aqtualuri problemebi ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF KARTVELOLOGY II Teimuraz gvancelaze saxelmwifo enebi saqartvelosi (qartuli ena, afxazuri ena): problemebi da perspeqtivebi saqartvelos konstituciis me-8 muxlis Tanaxmad, saqartvelos saxelmwifo ena aris qartuli, xolo afxazetis avtonomiur respublikasi agretve - afxazuri. es iuridiuli statusi TavisTavad ganapirobebs im aucilebel valdebulebebs, rac qartuli saxelmwifos winase avtomaturad warmoisoba am ori enis mimart. martalia, qartuli da afxazuri ertmanetis monatesave enebia, magram, miuxedavad amisa, isini mainc gansxvavdebian ara marto fonematur-fonetikuri, gramatikuli da leqsikuri struqturit, aramed funqcionirebis masstabebit, werilobiti tradiciis xangrzlivobit, samwignobro funqciis Sesasruleblad aucilebeli komponentebita da Tundac mosaxleobis damokidebulebit mat mimart. qartuli ena msoflios ert-erti uzvelesi samwignobro enaa: masze damwerloba dokumentirebulia ara ugvianes V saukunis pirveli naxevrisa, xolo afxazur enaze damwerloba mxolod 1862 wels Seiqmna; qartul samwignobro enas, RvTis nebit, upiratesad wilad xvda arseboba da fuqcionireba kulturulad ganvitarebuli damoukidebeli erovnuli saxelmwifos farglebsi. metic, qartuli tradiciis Tanaxmad, TviT ertiani erovnuli saxelmwifos Seqmna Zv.w. III saukunesi mefe farnavazis brznuli gadawyvetilebit pirdapir daukavsirda enobriv sakitxs _ ertian saxelmwifos haerivit swirdeboda eris gamaertianebeli iseti mzlavri iarari, rogoricaa zogaderovnuli saxelmwifo ena, ris gatvaliswinebitac gaabatona qartuli ena mefe farnavazma mteli qveynis masstabit. afxazebs (afsuebs) ki sakutari saxelmwifo arasodes hqoniat da sawiroebis SemTxvevaSi werisatvis iyenebdnen sxvis samwignobro enas: jer qartuls, Semdgom Turqulsac, mogvianebit rusulsac; minimum 1600-wliani istoriis mqone qartulma samwignobro enam ganvitarebis vrceli gza gamoiara. am drois ganmavlobasi man gairrmava/ SeiZina kulturulad dawinaurebuli enis yvela Tviseba: sxvadasxva Sinaarsis satqmelis gamoxatvis gansxvavebuli xerxebi da atributebi (stiluri variantebi) da sasualebani (ZiriTadi da damxmare originaluri leqsika, neologizmebi, specialuri terminologia, nasesxobani).

38 Teimuraz gvancelaze, saxelmwifo enebi saqartvelosi afxazur samwignobro enas ki arsebobis 150 wlis ganmavlobasi dremde mudam araxelsayrel pirobebsi uxdeba funqcionireba.carizmis dros mis funqciad ganisazrvra, erti mxriv, rusuli enis SesaTvisebeli damxmare sasualebis rolis Sesruleba, meore mxriv ki afxazta kulturuli cxovrebidan qartuli samwignobro enis gandevna da am ukanasknelis adgilas rusuli enis damkvidreba afxazi xalxis saboloo garusebis misarwevad. samwuxarod, es funqciebi afxazur enas dremde SemorCa. saxelmwifo enis iuridiuli statusi arc qartul da arc afxazur enebs saqartvelosi sabwota rejimis damyarebamde oficialurad arasodes hqoniat, magram warsulsi, roca saqartvelo damoukidebeli saxelmwifo iyo, an arsebobda aseve damoukidebeli qartuli samefoebi, qartuli ena mainc warmatebit asrulebda saxelmwifo enis funqcias: igi iyo oficialuri saqmiswarmoebis, ganatlebis, RvTismsaxurebisa da kulturis ena, agretve kavkasiis masstabit gamoiyeneboda erovnebatsoris urtiertobis enadac. bunebrivia, aseti farto funqciebi ganapirobebda qartuli enis maral prestijsac rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise zogadkavkasiuri masstabit. igive mizezi ganapirobebda qartuli enis codnis motxovnilebas udamwerlobo dedaenaze molaparake afxazta Sorisac. saxelmwifo enis statusi qartul da afxazur enebs oficialurad mieniwa saqartvelosi sabwota rejimis damyarebis Semdeg, magram realurad am statusidan gamomdinare funqciebs es enebi met-naklebi sxvaobit asrulebdnen. kerzod: imis gamo, rom qartuli ena sabwota kavsiris damfuznebeli ert-erti mokavsire respublikis saxelmwifo enas warmoadgenda, mas ufro meti uflebebic hqonda, vidre afxazurs, romelic bevrad naklebi statusis mqone, mokavsire respublikis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali avtonomiuri respublikis saxelmwifo enad itvleboda wlebsi, e.i. masinac ki, roca afxazets sruliad usafuzvlod hqonda miniwebuli xelsekrulebiti sabwota socialisturi respublikis statusi, afxazuri ena moklebuli iyo saxelmwifo enis fuqciebis Sesrulebis SesaZleblobas im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom sabwota rejimis damyarebisas afxazuri enisatvis damwerlobis Seqmnis dridan gasuli iyo sul rarac 57 weli: _ afxazi mosaxleobis umravlesoba jer kidev wera-kitxvis ucodinari iyo da afxazur enaze mxolod am droisatvis

39 38 Teimuraz gvancelaze, saxelmwifo enebi saqartvelosi... iwyeboda sayoveltao saskolo ganatleba; _ dedaenaze swavleba xdeboda mxolod dawyebit klasebsi; _ disciplinata umravlesobasi ar arsebobda saskolo saxelmzrvaneloebi; _ ar iyo dadgenili afxazuri samwignobro enis normebi; _ ar arsebobda specialuri terminologia; _ ar arsebobda TargmniTi da normatiuli leqsikonebi; _ Zalze mcire iyo umarlesi ganatlebis mqone specialistebis raodenoba.mat Soris ar morvaweobda arcerti profesionali enatmecnieri; _ maswavlebelta umravlesobas ar hqonda sasualo ganatlebac ki; _ mosaxleobis TvalSi afxazuri ena ar sargeblobda prestijit da a.s. vitareba mcired Seicvala momdevno etapebze: _ ibewdeboda afxazurenovani wignebi, mat Soris saskolo saxelmzrvaneloebic (garda sabunebismetyvelo da teqnikuri disciplinebis saxelmzrvaneloebisa); _ gacndnen maswavleblebi, mwerlebi, Jurnalistebi, mecnierebi; _ 1932 wels daarsebul soxumis pedagogiur institutsi (1978 wlidan ewoda afxazetis saxelmwifo universiteti) mzaddebodnen skolis maswavleblebi; miuxedavad am cvlilebebisa, enobrivi politika igive darca: afxaz moswavles ar hqonda sasualeba, dedaenaze miero ganatleba skolis me-4 klasis zemot, rac swiravda mas gasaruseblad. dres, roca afxazeti realurad okupirebulia rusetis federaciis mier, magram msoflios Tvalis asaxvevad mas damoukidebeli saxelmwifos uwodeben, damokidebuleba afxazuri enisadmiregionsi praqtikulad ar Secvlila. Tumca saqmis realur arssi Cauxedav kacs SeiZleba moecvenos, rom amjamindel afxazetsi gadawyvetilia afxazuri enis iuridiuli statusisa da funqcionirebis sakitxebi. kerzod, afxazetis saokupacio rejimis mier 1994 wlis 26 noembris e.w. konstituciasi regionis saxelmwifo enad gamocxadebulia afxazuri, xolo am enastan ertad saxelmwifo dawesebulebata enad dasaxelebulia rusulic (muxli 6), rac faqtobrivad afxazuri enis statusis damcrobas udris Semdeg mizezta gamo: _ afxazur enas praqtikulad ver flobs regionis aramctu araafxazuri mosaxleobis absoluturi umravlesoba, aramed TviT afxazi mosaxleobis didi nawilic ki; _ mankieri saganmanatleblo sistemis funqcionireba xels

40 Teimuraz gvancelaze, saxelmwifo enebi saqartvelosi uwyobs afxazuri enis, rogorc dedaenis, mcodneta raodenobis ganuxrel klebas da afxazuri mosaxleobis rusifikacias; _ e.w. sakanonmdeblo da armasrulebeli organoebi ar/ver axerxeben afxazuri enis gamoyenebas oficialuri saqmiswarmoebis sferosi; _ regionis mosaxleoba afxazur enas ar miicnevs prestijul enad da amjobinebs Svilebis arzrdas rusul enaze, rata uzrunvelyon momavali Taobis kariera da piradi ketildreoba; _ regionis mosaxleobis mier afxazuri ena ar ganixileba arc erovnebatsoris urtiertobis, mecnierebisa da kulturis enad; _ saokupacio rejimi angariss uwevs rusetis federaciis SiSs imis gamo, rom afxazetsi afxazuri enis funqcionirebis sferota gafartoebam, SesaZloa, jawvuri reaqcia gamoiwvios rusetis federaciis subieqtta (respublikebis) avtoqton mosaxleobasi da warmoiqmnas safrtxe am subieqtta satitulo etnosebis mxridan mati dedaenebis uflebebis realuri gafartoebis motxovnisa da a.s. erti SexedviT, saqartvelos konstitucia qveynis xelisuflebasa da regionis farglebs garet (mdinare enguris gamorma) arsebul saqartvelos teritoriaze mcxovreb mosaxleobas ar avaldebulebs afxazuri enis funqcionirebis uzrunvelyofas, magram Tu sakitxs guldasmit gavaanalizebt, davrwmundebit, rom rogorc saqartvelos xelisufleba, ise qveynis mosaxleobis garkveuli nawili elementarulad valdebulia, uzrunvelyos afxazuri enis funqcionireba, icodes es ena da iyenebdes mas cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferosi, kerzod: 1. moqmedi konstituciidan gamomdinare, saqartvelos umarlesi sakanonmdeblo da armasrulebeli xelisuflebis organoebi movaleni arian gamoaqveynon kanonebi, normatiuli dokumentebi da mati ganmartebani qveynis iuridiul sivrcesi Semavali regionis meore saxelmwifo enaze, afxazurze, rata qartulis armcodne dainteresebul afxaz moqalaqeebs, an afxazuri enis mcodne sxva erovnebis pirebs hqondet konstituciit garantirebuli pirobebi sasicocxlod mnisvnelovani informaciis mirebisa; 2. qveynis dedaqalaqsi moqmedi saxelmwifo biujetidan dafinansebuli masobrivi informaciis sasualebani (televiziebi, radiosadgurebi, bewduri da eleqtronuli presa, sainformacio saagentoebi) movaleni arian, yoveldriurad miawodon afxazurenovan mosaxleobas

41 40 Teimuraz gvancelaze, saxelmwifo enebi saqartvelosi... informacia qveyanasi mimdinare politikuri, ekonomikuri, kulturuli, sportuli da sxva saxis movlenebis, agretve samartlebrivi siaxleebis Sesaxeb; 3. saqartvelos parlamentsi, afxazetis avtonomiuri respublikis umarles sabwosi, qveynisa da regionis mtavrobasi, saministroebsa da uwyebebsi unda musaobdnen mtargmnel-tarjimnebi, romelta movaleoba iqneba axali normatiuli dokumentebis operatiulad maral doneze Targmna da gamoqveyneba afxazur enaze; 4. xelisuflebis sxvadasxva organos unda hyavdes profesionali analitikosebi da eqspertebi, romlebsac ecodinebat afxazuri etnofsiqologia, mudmivad gaaanalizeben afxazur-qartul urtiertobebs sxvadasxva aspeqtit da SeimuSaveben rekomendaciebs am urtiertobata mosawesrigeblad; 5. gansakutrebul yuradrebas moitxovs afxazuri enis maral doneze mcodne kvalificiur specialistta, kerzod, enatmecnierta, mtargmnel-tarjimanta, folkloristta, literaturatmcodneta, etnologta, istorikosta, politologta, konfliqtologta momzadeba qveynis wamyvan universitetebsi (ivane javaxisvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetsi, soxumis saxelmwifo universitetsi...), sadac paralelurad unda daarsdes axali afxazologiuri samecniero-saswavlo struqturebi (institutebi, centrebi), an ganmtkicdes aqamde arsebuli amgvari erteulebi da mati normaluri funqcionirebisatvis Seiqmnas satanado finansuri da materialur-teqnikuri baza; 6. saxelmwifos dakvetit sistematurad unda momzaddnen afxazuri enisa da literaturis pedagogebi, romlebic dasaqmdebian ara marto afxazetis avtonomiuri respublikis ganatlebisa da kulturis saministros daqvemdebarebasi myof sajaro skolebsi, aramed im skolebsic, romlebsic moswavleta da msobelta survilit SemoRebuli iqneba afxazuri enisa da literaturis swavleba. magalitad, amgvari survili araertgzis gamoutqvamt Tbilisis, rustavis, qutaisis, zugdidis, fotisa da batumis zog skolasi. afxazetsi mcxovreb afxazta Soris gansakutrebul dainteresebas iwvevs batumsa da mis mimdebare soflebsi mcxovrebi afxazi bavsvebisatvis dedaenis swavlebis sakitxi da Tu saqartvelos xelisufleba am mimartulebit gadadgams praqtikul nabijebs, es udavod arqmuli iqneba rogorc ketili neba afxazuri enisa da identobis gadasarcenad; 7. didi mnisvneloba eqneba saqartvelos sapatriarqos

42 Teimuraz gvancelaze, saxelmwifo enebi saqartvelosi mxridan afxazuri enis mcodne Tundac ramdenime sasuliero piris momzadebas, romlebic RvTismsaxurebaSi gamoiyenebdnen am enas, rac udavod mowonebit iqneboda mirebuli afxazuri mrevlis mxridan; 8. gansakutrebul yuradrebas moitxovs sxvadasxva donisa da moculobis afxazur-qartuli da qartul-afxazuri leqsikonebis, afxazurenovani saskolo da sauniversiteto saxelmzrvaneloebis, cnobarebisa da sasaubroebis Sedgenagamocemis uzrunvelyofa saxelmwifos mxridan; 9. unda ganisazrvros afxazur enasi kompetenciis doneebi im pirtatvis, visac surs afxazetis avtonomiuri respublikis saxelmwifo struqturebsi sajaro moxeleebad musaoba, Seiqmnas pirobebi mattvis afxazuri enis swavlebis uzrunvelsayofad, dadgindes vadebi afxazuri enis mcodne kadrebis mosamzadeblad; 10. gansakutrebul yuradrebas moitxovs orenovani (qartl-afxazuri) sabavsvo wignebis gamocema, romelta gamoyenebit SesaZlebelia afxazetsi qartuli enis poziciebis gamyareba da a.s. vfiqrobt, Tu es sakitxebi gadawydeba, uzrunvelyofili iqneba afxazuri enis, rogorc qveynis ert-erti ganuyofeli regionis meore saxelmwifo enis, samartlebrivi uflebebis dacva da saqartvelo ara marto afxazi mosaxleobis, aramed saertasoriso Tanamegobrobis TvalSic uewvelad warmocndeboda vitarca saxelmwifo, romelic sisxlxorceuladaa dainteresebuli Tavis legitimur mosaxleobastan normaluri urtiertobis ardgenit da afxazuri enis, kulturisa da identobis dacva-ganvitarebit.

43 42 Teimuraz gvancelaze, saxelmwifo enebi saqartvelosi... Теймураз Гванцеладзе Государственные языки в Грузии: абхазский язык проблемы и перспективы Резюме Согласно статье 8 конституции Грузии "Государственным языком Грузии является грузинский, а в Автономной Республике Абхазии и абхазский". С одного взгляда, юридический статус абхазского языка упорядочен и по т.н. конституции абхазии, принятой 26 ноября 1994 г. оккупационным режимом края, согласно которой государственным языком края считается абхазский, но одновременно официальным языком обьявлен и русский язык (статья 6). Фактически же документ, принятый оккупационным режимом, узаконил неравное положение абхазского и русского языков в пользу последнего, так как: 1. Абхазским языком не владеет не только большинство неабхазского населения края, но и и большая часть этнических абхазов, особенно молодеж; 2. Функционирование унаследованной от советской образовательной системы т.н. абхазской школы, в которой детям не дается возможность изучать родной язык после начальной ступени, создает угрозу денационализации абхазских детей и исчезновения абхазского языка; 3. Абхазский язык не может конкурировать с русским языком, который считается престижным и более развитым; 4. Как население, так и режим не рассматривают абхазский язык в качестве средства повседневных сношений, официальной мононациональной или же межнациональной коммуникации, языком культуры и науки... Имеются проблемы и с функционированием абхазского языка и на остальной территории Грузии: 1. На абхазском языке не переводятся и не публикуются нормативные юридические документы, что лишает абхазоязычных граждан страны знать свой права и обязанности, следить за юридическими новшествами; 2. Средства массовой информации общегосударственного масштаба не могут распространять по абхазски информации о политических, экономических, религиозных, культурных и спортивных событиях; 3. Ни в одном университете, функционирующем за пределами Абхазии, не готовятся грузиноязычные специалисты, владеющие

44 Teimuraz gvancelaze, saxelmwifo enebi saqartvelosi абхазским языком: языковеды, литераторы, переводчики, этнологи, историки, политологи, конфликтологи, учителя абхазского языка и литературы и т.д. Исключение составляет Сухумский государственный университет, функционирующий в Тбилиси, где с 2008 г. работает Институт абхазского языка и культуры, а с 2009 г. существует бакалаврская программа по абхазской филологии; 4. Официально не решен вопрос о внедрении факультативного обучения абхазскому языку в грузиноязычных школах страны; 5. Не составлены учебники абхазского языка для грузиноязычных школ и т.д. Думается, что решение на государственном уровне этих проблем обеспечит реальную защиту конституционных прав второго государственного языка Грузии абхазского.

45 44 qartvelologiis aqtualuri problemebi ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF KARTVELOLOGY II eka dadiani, merab gvazava, revaz Serozia regionuli an umciresobis enebis Sesaxeb evropuli qartia da saqartvelo XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyissi evropasi gamoikveta saertasoriso organizaciebis ori mizani: - istoriuli/avtoqtoni/, magram qveynis araziritadi mosaxleobis - umciresobis - enis, rogorc istoriuli kulturuli memkvidreobis, gadarcena-ganvitareba; - qveynis araziritadi da araavtoqtoni mosaxleobis enobrivi uflebebis dacva. kerzod, 1992 wlis 5 noembers evrosabwom strasburgsi gamoaqveyna "evropuli qartia regionuli an umciresobis enebis Sesaxeb", romlis mizania istoriuli (/avtoqtoni) umciresobis enis, rogorc identobis ganmsazrvreli kulturuli fenomenis, dacva wlis 18 dekembris ( 47/135) rezoluciit gaerom miiro deklaracia: "erovnul an etnikur, religiur da enobriv umciresobata uflebebi". gaeros deklaraciis safuzvelze, 1995 wels evrosabwom miiro "CarCo konvencia erovnul umciresobata Sesaxeb" (strasburgi; ). CarCo konvenciis" mizania araziritadi mosaxleobis - erovnuli (etnikuri) umciresobis - enobrivi uflebebis gansazrvra da dacva. CarCo konvencias" yvela qveyana miuertda, magram vnebatarelva gamoiwvia pirvelma dokumentma - enis qartiam", ramdenadac es ukanaskneli garkveul safrtxeebs Seicavs; kerzod: - masobrivad Camosaxlebuli migrantebis enistvis mocemul regionsi ganatlebisa da saqmiswarmoebis enis statusis miniwebit SeiZleba SeizRudos saxelmwifo enis funqcionireba; aris albatoba, migrant enobriv sazogadoebas gaucndes avtoqtoni mosaxleobis uflebrivi interesebi. - saxelmwifo enis romelime ganstoebis umciresobis enad gamocxadebit gaizrdeba riskebi mocemuli etnosis dezintegraciisa da separatizmisa. arnisnuli safrtxeebis gamo evropis saxelmwifota nawili ar miuertda "enis qartias"; kerzod: 2012 wlis monacemebit, evrosabwos wevri 48 qveynidan 24 saxelmwifom moaxdina "regionuli an umciresobis enebis

46 e. dadiani, m. gvazava, r. Serozia, regionuli an umciresobis enebis Sesaxeb 45 Sesaxeb evropuli qartiis" ratificireba (somxeti, germania, fineti, rumineti, espaneti, SvedeTi, ukraina, didi britaneti, poloneti...). 9 saxelmwifom mxolod xeli moawera am dokuments (azerbaijani, safrangeti, italia, ruseti...); amatgan, azerbaijani acxadebs, rom ratificirebas ar moaxdens manam, sanam misi teritoria okupirebulia. 15 saxelmwifos Tavisi pozicia saertod ar Camouyalibebia (saqartvelo, TurqeTi, saberzneti, litva, estoneti, belgia, latvia, portugalia...). "enis qartia" mnisvnelovani saertasoriso dokumentia; is icavs safrtxis qves myofi istoriuli etnikuri umciresobis enas. amastan, "enis qartiasi" gatvaliswinebulia separatizmisa da Tavsmoxveuli konfliqtebis riskebi. am TvalsazrisiT arsebitia Semdegi punqtebi: 1. "enis qartia ar moicavs migrantta enebs" (muxli I, a, II) da, Sesabamisad, "enis qartiis" mizani ar aris umciresobis enobrivi uflebebis gansazrvra. 2. "enis qartia" ar moicavs saxelmwifo enas da mis saxesxvaobebs. am qartiit nagulisxmevi "enebi unda mkafiod gansxvavdebodes im enis an enebisagan, romelzec saxelmwifosi mcxovrebi danarceni mosaxleoba saubrobs". qartiis debulebebi ar exeba saxelmwifo enis adgilobriv saxesxvaobebs, Tumca qartia ar gansazrvravs, Tu ra SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba CaiTvalos gamoxatvis esa Tu is forma calke enad (32- e ganmarteba). termini regionuli an umciresobis ena gulisxmobs erti kategoriis, magram sami variantit gamovlenil enas: 1. regionuli ena - saxelmwifos mocemuli regionis avtoqtoni mosaxleobis ena, Tuki am enaze metyveli sazogadoeba umravlesobaa mocemul regionsi (qartiis me-18 ganmarteba); 2. umciresobis ena - saxelmwifos mocemuli regionis avtoqtoni mosaxleobis ena, Tuki am enaze metyveli sazogadoeba umciresobaa mocemul regionsic (qartiis me-18 ganmarteba); 3. teritoriis armqone ena - mocemul saxelmwifosi mcxovrebi iseti istoriuli mosaxleobis ena, romelsac ar gaacnia gansazrvruli geografiuli areali (36-e ganmarteba). "enata qartiasi" regioni geografiuli cnebaa da ara - administraciuli; aq warmodgenili ganmartebani ar itvaliswinebs termin "regionis" administraciul sazrvrebs;

47 46 e. dadiani, m. gvazava, r. Serozia, regionuli an umciresobis enebis Sesaxeb kerzod, "regionuli an umciresobata enebis evropul qartiasi" ar igulisxmeba, rom regionuli enis gavrcelebis areali unda Seesabamebodes "regionis", rogorc konkretuli administraciuli sazrvrebis mqone saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnis, sazrvrebs wlis 27 ianvars saqartvelom evrosabwos winase airo valdebuleba, rom 1 wlis vadasi ratificirebuli iqneboda ori saertasoriso dokumenti: 1. "konvencia erovnul umciresobata Sesaxeb ; 2. "evropuli qartia regionuli an umciresobis enebis Sesaxeb. arebuli valdebulebebis Sesabamisad, saqartvelos xelisuflebam 2000 wlis 21 ianvars xeli moawera da 2005 wels saqartvelos parlamentma pirveli dokumentis ratificireba moaxdina. dremde xelmouwerelia meore dokumenti, romlis ratificirebac unda momxdariyo 2000 wels. am konteqstsi sainteresoa saqartvelostvis regionuli an umciresobis enebis is siebi, romlebic wlebsi SesTavazes saqartvelos mtavrobas; magalitad, tomas vixerkevicisa da misi qartveli Tanaavtorebis azrit, saqartvelosi regionuli an umciresobis enebis kvalifikacia unda mieniwos 12 enas: somxursada azerbaijanuls; aseve, "regionuli an umciresobis enebis Sesaxeb evropuli qartiis" meore Tavis debulebebi unda gavrceldes "teritoriis armqone enebis": rusulis, berznulis, ebraulis, qurtulis/ieziduris, ukrainulis, CeCnuris/qisturis, asiriulis, avariulis da e. w. "umwerlobo enebis": megrul-lazurisa da svanuris mimart. xazgasmit arvnisnavt: saqartvelos enebis amgvari CamonaTvali ar Seesabameba "enis qartiis fundamentur debulebebs da amave dros Zalian saxifatoa saqartvelostvis. gaumartlebelia isedac danawevrebul qveyanasi gamoiyos iseti administraciuli regionebi, sadac umciresobis enad gamocxaddeba migrantebis enebic da qartvelta dialeqtebic; es ki nisnavs qartuli enis, rogorc saxelmwifo enis, statusis arakanonier SezRudvas saqartvelos bevr raionsi... t. vixerkevicis jgufis mier warmodgenili enebis CamonaTvals mxars umagrebs saertasoriso qselsa Tu enciklopediebsi gavrcelebuli araswori etnolingvisturi kvalifikaciebi da rukebi; magalitad:

48 e. dadiani, m. gvazava, r. Serozia, regionuli an umciresobis enebis Sesaxeb 47 msoflio globaluri qselis ZiriTadi etnologiuri enciklopediis mixedvit (2012 wlis mdgomareobit), saqartvelosi aris Semdegi enebi (/etnosebi): azerbaijanelebi asirielebi (aisorebi) afxazebi bacbebi berznebi lazebi megrelebi osebi rusebi svanebi (samwerlobo enad iyeneben qartuls da rusuls) somxebi urumebi qartvelebi qartveli ebraelebi qurtebi ( amgvari kvalifikaciebis mizani ertia: qartveli eris danawevrebulad warmodgena; saqartvelos ZiriTadi mosaxleobis - qartvelebis - sxvadasxva etnosebis konglomeratad warmodgena. rogorc arinisna, ",enis qartia" ar moicavs saxelmwifo enis saxesxvaobebs; Sesabamisad, qartvelta sasinao metyvelebebi (megruli, lazuri, svanuri, wova-tusuri, mesxuri, guruli...) ver Seva "enis qartiis" ratificirebis dokumentistvis dartul enata CamonaTvalSi. Tuki "enis qartiis" principebis ugulebelyofit saqartvelos enobriv-etnikuri situacia oficialurad ariwereba e.w. sami/otxi qartveluri enis Teoriis mixedvit da "enata qartiis" ratificirebis Semdeg saqartvelos enata CamonaTvalSi dafiqsirdeba 2-3 "umwignobro qartveluri ena, rogorc umciresobis ena, amit xelovnurad waxalisdeba qartvelta etnikuri separacia; Zirfesvianad Seiryeva qartveli eris (etnosis) mravalsaukunovani enobrivetnikuri da fsiqikuri mtlianoba. rac Seexeba somxuris, azerbaijanulis, rusulisa da sxva enebis statuss: somxetis, rusetisa Tu dasavletis garkveuli Zalebi bolo periodsi gansakutrebulad aqtiuroben, rom saqartvelosi

49 48 e. dadiani, m. gvazava, r. Serozia, regionuli an umciresobis enebis Sesaxeb somxur enas mieniwos regionuli enis statusi; aqcentirebulia samcxe-javaxeti. somxuristvis saqartvelosi regionuli enis statusis miniwebas mxars uwers qartvel politikosta erti nawilic; mag., 2011 wels ert-ert interviusi b-ni paata zaqareisvili acxadebs, saqartvelom regionuli enis statusi rom mianiwos somxurs, is amasi cuds verafers xedavs. unda arinisnos, rom: saqartvelosi damkvidrebuli etnikuri umciresobebis enobrivi uflebebi daculia saxelmwifos konstituciita da Sida kanonmdeblobis ramdenime sxva samartlebrivi dokumentit; aseve: "erovnul an etnikur, religiur da enobriv umciresobata uflebebis gaeros deklaraciit. am miznitaa Seqmnili aseve: - oslos rekomendaciebi erovnul umciresobata enobriv uflebebtan dakavsirebit (1998 weli) - lundis rekomendaciebi sazogadoebriv-politikur cxovrebasi erovnuli umciresobebis qmedit monawileobastan dakavsirebit (1999 weli) - evrosabwos "CarCo konvencia erovnul umciresobata dacvis Sesaxeb da sxv. ase rom, saqartvelosic bevri ramaa gaketebuli umciresobebis enobrivi uflebebis dacvis mimartulebit. vfiqrobt, ufro problemuria saqartvelos saxelmwifo enis statusis dacvisa da etnikuri umciresobebisatvis saxelmwifo enis swavlebis sakitxi! saqartvelos amjamindeli realuri enobrivi situaciis gatvaliswinebit SeiZleba itqvas: saqartvelosi istoriuli, avtoqtoni (aborigeni) etnikuri umciresoba ar arsebobs; mit umetes iseti, romelsac gaqrobis safrtxe emuqreba. Sesabamisad, mkacrad Tu davicavt `enis qartiis" principebs, saqartvelos SeuZlia ise moaxdinos `enis qartiis" ratificireba, rom saertod ar gaaketos regionuli an umciresobis enebis CamonaTvali, an ar aamoqmedos qartiis mesame nawili (amis safuzvels izleva "ganmartebiti moxsenebis" 42-e da 49-e punqtebi). "evropuli qartiis" fundamentur debulebebs Tu gavitvaliswinebt, saqartvelosi dasacavia saqartvelos saxelmwifo ena etnikuri umciresobebit - somxebita da azerbaijanelebit - dasaxlebul raionebsi, sadac Cvens

50 e. dadiani, m. gvazava, r. Serozia, regionuli an umciresobis enebis Sesaxeb 49 umciresobebs srulfasovani cxovrebis yvela piroba aqvt Seqmnili. "qartia" ar aris imperatiuli xasiatis dokumenti; is saxelmwifos mmartvelebs ar zrudavs standartuli motxovnebit; ar aizulebs mat, ganaxorcielon erovnuli interesebis sawinaarmdego qmedebebi. piriqit, "qartiasi" mititebulia: regionuli an umciresobis enebis dacvam da waxalisebam ziani ar unda miayenos oficialur (saxelmwifo) enebsa da mati Seswavlis aucileblobas. aqve arvnisnavt, rom saqartvelosi konstituciitaa daculi afxazuri ena, rogorc saxelmwifo ena afxazetis avtonomiur respublikasi (qartultan ertad). drevandeli realobis gatvaliswinebit, afxazebs sxva samsoblo, saqartvelos garda, ar gaacniat, Sesabamisad, Cveni saxelmwifo valdebulia, daicvas afxazi xalxis ena da kultura; Tumca, sanam afxazeti okupirebulia, SeuZlebelia saqartvelos mier gadamwreli zomebis mireba. dres afxazur enas ufro didi safrtxe emuqreba, vidre odesme. saqartvelos xelisuflebis ketili nebis SemTxvevaSi, "qartiis" meore nawili SeiZleba amoqmeddes didi safrtxis qves myofi asiriuli da udiuri enebis mimart, romlebsac, drevandeli vitarebis mixedvit, sxvagan arsad aqvs gadarcenaganvitarebis perspeqtiva. ramdenadac "qartia prerogativas aniwebs qveynis xelisuflebas, demokratiuli principebis gatvaliswinebit Tavad gansazrvros is kriteriumebi, romlebze dayrdnobitac am qveynis teritoriaze gavrcelebul ama Tu im enas mieniweba damoukidebeli enis statusi, amdenad, arsebobs realuri safuzveli, saqartvelom daadasturos "enis qartia" inglissa Tu finetsi Camoyalibebuli principebis mixedvit. Cven, rogorc specialistebi, xelisuflebas vtavazobt Semdeg rekomendacias: "enis qartiis" ratificireba SesaZlebelia mxolod mas Semdeg, rac konstituciur farglebsi srulad ardgeba saqartvelos saxelmwifo enis funqcionireba da adekvaturad gaanalizdeba saqartvelos etnikur-enobrivi situacia.

51 50 e. dadiani, m. gvazava, r. Serozia, regionuli an umciresobis enebis Sesaxeb Eka Dadiani, Merab Gvazava, Revaz Sherozia European Charter on Regional and Minority Languages and Georgia S u m m a r y European Charter on Regional and Minority Languages is a significant international document the aim of which is the protection of European historical regional or minority languages; it encourages the protection and development of the European cultural treasure and traditions. Charter does not refer to veriaties (dialects) of the state language and the language of the migrants. Therefore, it does not refer neither to the so called Kartvelian languages (Megrelian-Laz and Svan), nor to Armenian, Azeri, Russian, Greek, Ukrainian and other languages. There is no historical, autochthonous ethnic minority in Georgia, especially the endangered one. If we strictly follow the principles of the Language Charter, Georgia can ratify the Charter without listing regional and minority languages. We regard that the ratification of the Language Charter will be possible once the Georgian ethnic-linguistic situation is analyzed and the status of languages in the country is appropriately defined.

52 qartvelologiis aqtualuri problemebi ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF KARTVELOLOGY II 51 natia iakobize sixarulis koncepti qartulsa da germanul enebsi Cemi enis sazrvrebi gansazrvravs Cemi samyaros sazrvrebs (vitgenstaini, 2003:118) sxvadasxva xalxis mier samyaros arqma da Semecneba gansxvavebulia. es gansxvaveba yvela enasi Taviseburad aisaxeba. TiToeuli ena individualuri samyaroa. igi adamianis goniti kulturis umtavresi formaa. yovel ers Tavisi enobrivi msoflxedva gaacnia. TiToeuli adamianis msoflxedva damokidebulia im enaze, romelsac flobs. es didi germaneli moazrovnis - vilhelm fon humboldtis genialuri mignebaa. sxvadasxva ena sxvadasxva msoflxedvas nisnavs (humboldti, 1996:64). ena gansazrvravs ara mxolod msoflmxedvas, aramed etnosis, eris erovnul cnobierebas. enis msoflxati enisa da eris Sinagani urtiertobis safuzvelze armocendeba. enobrivi msoflxati yalibdeba bavsvobis asakidan da ise bunebrivad funqcionirebs, rom misi arsebobis... Sesaxeb kitxvac ar daismis. gagebinebis ertianoba msoflxatis bunebriobas emyareba da Tanac ara mxolod garegan formas gagebinebisa, vtqvat, metyvelebit komunikacias, aramed ufri Rrma Sreebs da uzrunvelyofs ertianobas istoriul-kulturul SemoqmedebaSic (ramisvili, 2002: 12). humboldti enis sam mizans gamoyofs: 1. is gagebinebis sasualebaa da moitxovs sicxadesa da gansazrvrulobas; 2. is grznobas gamoxatavs, grznobas iwvevs da moitxovs sizlieres, sinazesa da moqnilobas; 3. is warmoqmnis azrebs Tavisive Seqmnili formis sasualebit, romlitac is azrebs aformebs da moitxovs, rom gonis forma, rogorc misi zemoqmedebis nakvalevi, sityvebsi aisaxos (humboldti, 1996: 76). enis Seswavlis mizans, guram ramisvilis mixedvit, warmoadgens SeTviseba enobrivi formit motanili msoflxedvisa (ramisvili, 2002: 44). erebis Tavisebureba da istoria enasi aisaxeba, kerzod, enis leqsikasi (humboldti, 1996:67). sityva ar aris gareenobrivi faqtis an mza cnebis mxolod bgeriti anabewdi. sityva arnisnavs ara sagans TavisTavad, aramed gonebrivad gadamusavebuls.

53 52 natia iakobize, sixarulis koncepti sxvadasxva ena sagnis sxvadasxvagvari arnisvna ki araa mxolod, aramed sagnis sxvadasxvagvari xedva. samyaro adamians usualod ar ezleva. igi gasualebulia da gamasualebel faqtorta Soris enas upirvelesi adgili uwiravs. gaenovnebis procesi anu samyaros gardaqmna aris pirovnebidan gatana grznobad STabeWdilebaTa da mati gaobieqtureba gasxvisebis gzit (ramisvili, 1995:60). ena gadmoscems adamianis pozicias sagnebis mimart da amgvarad TviT sagnebs. SesaZloa itqvas, rom ena aris obieqtur azrs miaxloebuli adamiani... ena individis mimart, martalia, obieqturia, magram gare sinamdvilis mimart subieqturi (ramisvili, 1995:60). imisatvis, rom enasi gavarciot subieqturi da obieqturi, universaluri da specifikuri, sawiroa enata Sedareba. ZiriTadi simzime samyaros gaenovnebisa mnisvnelobebs awevs. es, pirvel rigsi, aris leqsika. sadac ateulatasobit moqmed erteuls (sityvebs) sinamdvilis movlenebi enasi gadmoaqvs, aqcevs ra mat cnobierebis obieqtebad (ramisvili, 2002:35). enis semantikuri danawevrebis gageba Znelia danaxuliyo sxva enis arsebobis faqtis gatvaliswinebis garese (ramisvili, 1995:53). sxvadasxva enistvis damaxasiatebelia gansxvavebuli mnisvnelobiti danawevreba. g. ramisvilis mixedvit, vinaidan arcert enasi ar gvezleva sagani mteli sisrulita da mravalwaxnagobit, mxolod enata nairgvarobis faqtis gaazrebit aris SesaZlebeli sagnis gansxvavebul aspeqetebtan miaxloeba (ramisvili, 2002:38; ramisvili, 1995:11). igi miicnevs, rom enobrivi ganyofita da enobrivi koleqtivis nairgvarobit kacobriobam TiTqos Tavidan aicila romelime erti enit determinirebuli subieqturoba da amit mosalodneli calmxrivoba (ramisvili: 2002:38). kompiuteruli teqnologiebis ganvitareba enis manqanuri damusavebis SesaZleblobas izleva. enis lingvisturi korpusis Seqmna uzrunvelyofs leqsikonebis Seqmnas da mnisvnelovania agretve enis statistikuri kvlevisas. enis korpusis Seqmnisas didi mnisvneloba aqvs mis semantikur dones. yoveli ena Tavisi semantikuri struqturit gamoirceva. leqsika-semantikis arweristvis sakmarisi araa mxolod sityvata mnisvnelobebis mtliani kompleqsis arwera. enis korpusis Seqmnisas gatvaliswinebuli unda iyos enis Tavisebureba.

54 natia iakobize, sixarulis koncepti 53 msgavseba-gansxvaveba enebs Soris damokidebuli araa genetikur natesaobaze da igi enis yvelaze mnisvnelovan da zogad TvisebebSia sazebni. enata Sedareba, guram ramisvilis mixedvit, SeuZlebelia, Tu mivicnevt, rom 1. enata Soris gansxvaveba absoluturia (absoluturi relativizmi); 2. yvela ena ertsa da imaves gamotqvams (absoluturi universalizmi) (ramisvili, 1995: 156). energeistuli SedarebiTi enatmecniereba ara marto enebis, aramed enit organizebuli erebis Sedarebas gulisxmos, romelic, Tavis mxriv, eyrdnoba ara marto xalxebisa da enebis Tanabrobis princips, aramed erti xalxis mier meoris RirebulebaTa sistemis gacnobas da satanadod dafasebas, mati uflebebis cnobas, orond ara deklarirebulad, aramed etikuri aucileblobis nisnit (ramisvili, 2002:170). enebi ertmanetisagan, upirveles yovlisa, emociebis sferosi gansxvavdeba. emocia zogadadamianuri universaliaa, magram misi asaxva enasi nacionalur-specifikuria. amis gamo enis semantikis emotiuri komponenti unda ganixilebodes mis kulturul aspeqtebs Soris. emociebis mecnieruli analizi SeuZlebelia etnofsiqologiis, erovnuli xasiatis Taviseburebebis, erovnuli kulturis gatvaliswinebis garese. qartulsa da germanul enebsi emociebis gamoxatvis enobrivi meqanizmis Seswavla mnisvnelovania rogorc emociebis Sesaxeb Teoriuli kvlevebis gasamdidreblad, ise samyaros qartulenovani da germanulenovani suratis warmosacenad. xalxis kulturis Zalian mgrznobiare macvenebelia leqsika. mnisvnelobis cvlileba, Zveli sityvebis amovardna, axali sityvebis Seqmna da sesxeba - es yvelaferi damokidebulia TviTon kulturis istoriaze. enebs Soris didi gansxvavebaa mati leqsikis bunebis TvalsazrisiT (sepiri, 2005: 42). mnisvnelobis Seswavla istoriuli TvalsazrisiT gulisxmobs sityvata mnisvnelobebis cvlis Seswavlas, mis arwerasa da klasifikacias. leqsikuri maragi yvelaze metad ganicdis socio-kulturuli faqtorebis zemoqmedebas. leqsika pirdapir asaxavs socialur yofas. umetesad socialur-kulturul faqtorebtanaa dakavsirebuli enis gamdidreba da leqsikuri erteulebis pasiur maragsi gadasvla an enidan gaqroba (baxtaze, 2010 :48). Cveni interesis sferos amjerad warmoadgens sixarulis emociis armnisvneli sityvebi qartulsa da germanul enebsi.

55 54 natia iakobize, sixarulis koncepti sixaruls ganixilaven, rogorc ZiriTad sabaziso emocias (izardi : 253). SesaZloa universalurad CaiTvalos is faqti, rom yovel enasi arsebobs sixarulis gamomxatveli leqsika, magram TviT sixarulis gamoxatva da Sefaseba sxvadasxva kulturasi gansxvavebulia. sixarulis etimologiuri informacia: *xar (Ciqobava, 2008:405); *xi (fenrixi, 2000:700); *xiad (klimovi) sixarulis gamomxatvel leqsikasi gamoiyofa sami Ziri: xar, xiar, xal. qartuli enis ganmartebit leqsikonsi sixaruli Sedegnairadaa ganmartebuli: grznoba, romelsac iwvevs sasiamovno ram, - siamovnebis, kmayofilebis gancda, mxiaruli ganwyobileba (qegl, 1986: 411), xolo mxiaruleba ganimarteba rogorc mxiarulad, karg gunebaze yofna; drois tareba, gartoba (qegl, 1986:348). sulxan-saba orbeliani sixaruls Semdegnairad ganmartavs: ese ars yovlis Wmunvisagan Tavisufleba (orbeliani, 1993:100). ZiriTadi semantikuri mimartulebebi: sixarulis leqsikur-semantikur budesi Semdegi erteulebi ertiandeba: sixaruli, saxaruli, saxarulevani, gamxarebeli, gasaxari, gasaxareli, gasaxarebeli, gauxarebeli, gauxareli, gaxareba, mixareba, mimxarebeli, misaxarebeli, moxaruli, usixarulo, saxarebeli, sasixarulo, saxareba, xareba, ganxareba, gulmxiaruli, Wkuamxiaruli, gamamxiarulebeli, gamxiaruleba, gamxiarulebuli, gasamxiarulebeli, mxiaruli, mxiaruleba, simxiarule, Semxiaruleba, Semxiarulebuli, xalisoba, xalisianoba, xalisi, xalisiani, gamaxalisebeli, gaxaliseba, gaxalisebuli, moxalise, moxaliseoba, saxaliso, sixalise, waxaliseba, waxalisebuli, wamaxalisebeli. sixarulis mnisvneloba Zvel qartulsi ufro farto iyo. sulieri sixarulis garda is arnisnavda aseve lxins, mxiarulebas. il. abulaze sixaruls ganmartavs rogorc mxiarulebas, lxins, wveulebas, gansacxromels (abulaze, 1973: 398). Zvel qartulsi mxiaruleba da sixaruli ertmanetis sinonimebadac ki gamoiyeneboda: da aw sulita brwyinvaleni ixareben dausrulebelsa natelsa Sina da maradis CvenTvis meoxebasa hyofen ganmxiarulebulni qristes artqmulta morebita, rametu SromaTa matta wil miurebies sixaruli da mxiarulebaá

56 natia iakobize, sixarulis koncepti 55 uoxwnoá, mouklebeli da gamoutqmeli cata Sina (mercule, 1987: 525). SemdgomSi mxiarulebis mnisvneloba Seicvala da igi daukavsirda koleqtiur sixaruls, gartobas, xolo sixaruli ufro individis Sinagani mdgomareobis gamomxatveli gaxda. vefxistyaosansi sixaruli da lxini gvxvdeba rogorc sinonimebi: mibrzana: «CemTvis ese dre lxini da sixarulia. gardavixadot qorwili, xams vita dasa, srulia; kaci gavgzavnot, moiron yovlgnit sawurwle srulia, uxvad gavscemdet, vavsebdet, sizunwe umecrulia (rustaveli, 1988: 117). lxini sulxan-sabas ganmartebuli aqvs rogorc mxiarulad gaxareba, sma-wamit da simrerit sixaruli. (orbeliani, 1991:) qeglsi lxini ganmartebulia rogorc dakvra-simrera da cekva- TamaSi (bevris monawileobit); mxiaruleba, drois tareba, qeifi (qegl, 1986: 279). xar fuzidan aris nawarmoebis sityva xareba, rac arnisnavs sasiamovno ambis cnobebas, mixarebas, religiur dresaswaulsa da mcenaris gazrdas: xareba Mitteilung einer hohen Botschaft Anbau (Pflanzen) Maria Verkündigung qartulsi sixarulitaa motivirebuli iseti religiuri terminebi rogoricaa saxareba da xareba. saxareba ewodeba wminda wigns, romelic mogvitxrobs ieso qristes cxovrebis Sesaxeb. xareba arnisnavs religiur dresaswauls, dres, rodesac gabriel mtavalangelozma mariam RvTismSobels axara, rom misgan isveboda ieso qriste. sixarulit arnisnaven ara mxolod grznobas, aramed rac an vinc am grznobas iwvevs (qegl, 1986: 411). xalisi, mxiaruli ganwyobilebis garda, arnisnavs mondomebas, ramis gaketebis survils (qegl, 1986: 574). sixaruli, mxiaruleba qartulsi dakavsirebulia WkuasTan - Wkuamxiruli, rac nisnavs uwkuos, CerCets. aseve gultan - gulmxiaruli, rac dadebiti konotaciis Semcvelia da gulrias, mxiaruls nisnavs. arsanisnavia gamotqma sixarulis cremli - masin ardga sixarulisa cremlita savseá (mercule, 1987: 541).

57 56 natia iakobize, sixarulis koncepti arsebobs myari sityvatsexameba - sixarulit savse, sixarulit arivso, magram ver vityvit mxiarulebit savse, mxiarulebit arivso: da aw sixarulita savse var da ZRvnad Sevswirav locvasa (mercule, 1987: 545). SeTrobis mnisvnelobit gvxvdeba Zvel qartulsi RviniT gamxiaruleba: da puris Wamasa Sina, rajams ganmxiarulda gvaram RviniTa, masin episkoposta mat ertobit Tqves... (mercule, 1987: 589). qartulsi sevdis ukuyra nisnavs gamxiarulebas; sevdagazebuli - gamxiarulebuls. artaceba, sixaruli Zvel qartulsi gamoixateboda leqsikuri erteulit frfena. frfinvas sulxan-saba ganmartavs rogorc gunebis sixaruls (orbeliani, 1993:). Sens gaxarebas! aris mimartva, romelic gamoiyeneba raimes Txovnisas. lxini qartulsi gulisxmobs koleqtiur sixaruls, rac dakavsirebulia sazogadoebriv movlenastan, iqneba es qorwili, dabadebis dre Tu sxva. mxiaruleba dros tarebastan, gartobastan asocirdeba. sulxan-saba orbeliani mxiaruls ganmartavs, rogorc gonebit gaxarebuli (orbeliani, 1991: 552). xolo sixarulit gamoixateba, erti mxriv, adamianis gancda, xolo, meore mxriv, gartoba. amgvarad SesaZloa itqva, rom qartulsi sixarulis gamoxatva sazogadoebriv aspeqtzea orientirebuli. germanulsi sixaruli gamoixateba leqsikuri erteulit Freude. etimologiuri informacia: Freude feuern da froh sityvebis ganzogadebul saxels warmoadgens, Zvel germanulsi frewida, freuwida, sasualo germanulsi vriude, vroide, vreude (kluge, 2002:316). ebenhardi miicnevs, rom froh Ziri axlosaa Freude-sTan da misgan unda momdinareobdes rogorc xmovanebit (Klange), ise mnisvnelobit (ebenhardi, 1850: 381). ZiriTadi semantikuri mimartulebebi: dudensi Freude Semdegnairadaa ganmartebuli: amarlebuli ganwyoba, mxiaruleba da bedniereba (dudeni, 1988: 435). leqsikuri erteulis Freude leqsikur-semantikur budesi Semdegi erteulebi ertiandeba: Freude, freudig, Freudigkeit, freudlos, freudelos, freudeleer, Freudlosigkeit, erfreulich, unerfreulich, erfreulichweise, freudestrahlend, freudetrunken, freudevoll, freudenvoll, freudenreich, freudenarm, Freudenbotschaft, Freudenfest, Freudenfeuer,

58 natia iakobize, sixarulis koncepti 57 Freudenschrei, Freudenruf, Freudengeheul, Freudenmahl, Freudenbecher, Freudenausbruch, Freudengeschrei, Freudenhaus, Freudenmädchen, Freudenmädchenhaus, Freudensprung, Freudentanz, Freudentag, Freudenrausch, Freudentaumel, Freudentränen, Vorfreude, Arbeitsfreude, Gaumenfreude, Lebensfreude, Schadenfreude, Schaffensfreude, Siegesfreude, Sinnenfreude, Mutterfreuden, Vaterfreuden, erzählfreudig, Erzählfreudigkeit, experimentierfreudig, gebefreudig, kontaktfreudig, sangesfreudig, gebefreudigkeit, Kontaktfreudigkeit. germanulsi Freude (sixaruli) dakavsirebulia adamianis Sinagan samyarostan, mis xasiattan, mis sulier mdgomareobastan. rig sityvebsi freudig warmoadgens ZiriTad komponents da aqvs raracis mimart sixarulis qonis, raracis sasiamovnod ketebis, mzadyofnis mnisvneloba: erzählfreudig, Erzählfreudigkeit, experimentierfreudig, gebefreudig, kontaktfreudig, sangesfreudig, Gebefreudigkeit, Kontaktfreudigkeit. me-18 saukunesi frangulis gavlenit Seiqmna kalki Freudenmädchen (fille de joie), rac arnisnavda mezavs. Freudenhaus aris Freudenmädchenhaus-is Semoklebuli varianti da bordels nisnavs. misgan unda ganvasxvavot Freudenhaus, rac sasualo germanulsi (vroudenhaus) sixarulit savse saxls nisnavda, Trauerhaus-is sapirispirod (kluge, 2002: 316). sasiamovno grznoba germanulsi gamoixateba Semdegi leqsikuri erteulebit: Ergötzen, Entzücken, Vergnügen, Wohlfallen, Freude, Lust, Wollust, Wonne, Heiterkeit. Freude arnisnavs sixaruls, romelsac TviT individi ganicdis. Freudigkeit gamoxatavs mdgomareobas, rodesac adamiani sixaruls ganicdis. sufta, mteli gulit gancdil Sinagan sixaruls uwodeben Wonne-s. ebenhardi arnisnavs: radgan Wkvian adamians ar unda axasiatebdes sixaruli (Freude), romelic morals, zneobas azianebs, amitom arsebobs termini Wonne (netareba, siame, tkboba), romelic gamoxatavs zneobriv grznobas, romelsac axasiatebs ucodveloba... cxovelebisatvis damaxasiatebelia Freude da ara Wonne. sulier sixaruls uwodeben Wonne-s, Himmelwonne-s (ebenhardi, 1850: 309). Entzücken gamoxatavs did sixarulis, rodesac adamiani sakutar Tavs arar ekutvnis.

59 58 natia iakobize, sixarulis koncepti lust momdinareobs sityvidan los (frei von Gebundenheit) da gamoxatavs Tavisuflad gamoxatul sixaruls (ebenhardi, 1850: 310). Fröhlichkeit ufro Zlier sixaruls gamoxatavs da xsirad im adamians miemarteba, romelsic sixarulis grznoba xsirad icens Tavs. Lustigkeit matgan imit gansxvavdeba, rom gamoixateba im moqmedebebit, romlebic sicilis gamomwvevia. germanulsi mxiaruli gadmoicema ori sityvit: fröhlich da lustig. ebenhardis (ebenhardi, 1850: 381) leqsikonsi vkitxulobt: Die Fröhlichen tanzen, singen und scherzen. Die Lustigen treiben Spass, erzählen Schwänke, lecken sich, und werden bisweilen niedrig und ressen Possen. uflis arsanisnavad gamoiyeneben sityvas fröhlich. lustig ufaltan mimartebit Seusabamoa. aseve samefo nadimis dros amboben, rom Fröhlichkeit (mxiaruleba) mefobs, magram ara Lustigkeit (ebenhardi, 1850: 381). Freude da Freudigkeit adamianis Sinagan sixaruls gamoxatavs, xolo Fröhlichkeit da Lustigkeit - ki ufro garegans. qartulsi sixarulis gamoxatva koncentrirebulia sazogadoebriv aspeqtze, xolo germanulsi yuradreba miemarteba individis Sinagan gancdas da gamoxatvis formas. qartulsi sityvata semantikuri velis kvleva mnisvnelovania imdenad, ramdenadac es unda iyos safuzveli lingvisturi Targmanisa. Sedareba sxva enastan mnisvnelovania orenovani leqsikonisatvis, aseve Sedarebisas warmocndeba TiToeuli enis Tavisebureba. damowmebuli literatura: abulaze, ilia abulaze. Zveli qartuli enis leqsikoni. Tb baxtaze, dali baxtaze. lingvisturi tipologiis safuzvlebi. germanuli da qartuli enebis struqtura. gamomcemloba,,mwignobari. Tbilisi dudeni, Duden. Deutsches Universal Wörterbuch. Dudenverlag. Mannheim/Wien/Zürich ebenhardi Ebenhard, Maass und J. G. Gruber. Deutsche Synonymik. Leipzig. Verlag von Johann Ambrosios Barth. 1850

60 natia iakobize, sixarulis koncepti 59 vitgenstaini, Ludwig Wittgenstein. Tractatus Logico Pfilosophicus. Barnes & Noble Publishing izardi.., Caroll E. Izard, Brian P. Ackerman Motivational, Organizational and Regulatory Functions of Discrete Emotions. Handbook of Emotions. Edited by Michael Lewis and Jeannette M. Haviland-Jones. The Guilford Press. New York. London kluge, Kluge. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache. Walter de Gruyter. Berlin/New York mercule, giorgi mercule. grigol xanztelis cxovreba. qartuli mwerloba. Tbilisi. gamomcemloba nakaduli gv orbeliani, s.-s. orbeliani. sityvis kona. Tbilisi. I II rustaveli, SoTa rustaveli. vefxistyaosani. qartuli mwerloba. V tomi nakaduli. Tbilisi ramisvili, g. ramisvili. enata Sinaarsobrivi sxvaoba enatmecnierebisa da kulturis Teoriis TvalsazrisiT. Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba. Tbilisi ramisvili, g. ramisvili. dedaenis Teoria. Tb., 2002 sepiri, eduard sepiri. kultura, ena da pirovneba. Tbilisi. gamomcemloba universali fenrixi hainc fenrixi, zurab sarjvelaze. qartvelur enata etimologiuri leqsikoni. sulxan-saba orbelianis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo pedagogiuri universitetis gamomcemloba. Tbilisi qegl, qartuli enis ganmartebiti leqsikoni. erttomeuli. Tbilisi xucesi, iakob xucesi. SuSanikis wameba. qartuli mwerloba. Tbilisi. gamomcemloba nakaduli gv humboldti, Wilhelm von Humboldt. Werke in fünf Bände. Band 3. Schriften zur Sprachphilosophie. Herausgeben von Andreas Flitner und Klaus Giel. J.G. Cottasche Buchhandlung. Stuttgart (S. 762).

61 60 natia iakobize, sixarulis koncepti Natia Iakobidze Konzept von Freude in der georgischen und deutschen Sprachen Abstrakt Jede Nation hat ihre eigene Weltansicht, die von der Sprache abhängig ist, die diese Nation spricht. Die Verschiedenheit der Sprachen ist nicht nur die Verschiedenheit von Zeichen, sondern auch die Verschiedenheit der Weltansichten. Bei der Untersuchung jeder sprachlichen Einheit muss die Kultur und Geschichte der Nation in Betracht gezogen werden. Sprachen unterscheiden sich voneinander vor allem im Bereich der Emotionen. Die materielle Kultur wird durch Sinnesorganen wahrgenommen, im Gegensatz zu Emotionen, die für das Bewusstsein der Menschen nur mit der Sprache erreichbar sind. Sie haben keine entsprechende Objekte in der materiellen Welt. Die Unterscheidung der Emotionen ist abhängig von deren Verbalisierung. In jeder Sprache gibt es die sprachliche Einheiten die Freude ausduecken, was kann als universal bewertet werden, aber die Ausdruck und die Auswertung der Freude ist in jeder Kultur verschieden. Freude wird in der Georgischen Sprache durch das Lexem სიხარული (sikharuli) ausgedrückt, was neben der innerliche Glücklichkeit auch die Fest bedeutete. ლხინი (Fest) wird im Wörterbuch von Sulxan-Saba Orbeliani als Freude durch Essen, Trinken und Gesang definiert. Dabei geht es um die Herstellung einer kollektiven Stimmung. In der deutschen Sprache wird Freude durch folgende Lexemen ausgedrueckt: Freude, Freudigkeit, Fröhlichkeit, Lustigkeit. Freude und Freudigkeit sind mehr innerlich, Fröhlichkeit und Lustigkeit äusserlich. Fröhliche und Lustige werden seine Freude durch Singen, tanzen und Scherzen ausdücken. Der Ausdruck von Freude in der georgischen Sprache ist auf die soziale Aspekt der Gesellschaft konzentriert und drücken die kollektive Stimmung im Gegensatz von der Deutschen Sprache, in der Freude die innerliche Stimmung von Individuen bedeutet.

62 qartvelologiis aqtualuri problemebi ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF KARTVELOLOGY II 61 manana kvasxvaze normirebuli metyveleba da qartulenovani masmediis ena masmediis enis normirebul metyvelebastan mimartebis kvleva sawiroebs publicisturi stilis mteli rigi Taviseburebebis gatvaliswinebas. publicisturi stili ertertia saliteraturo enis stilebs Soris. saliteraturo ena TavisTavad gulisxmobs normirebulobasa da damusavebulobas. amdenad, publicisturi stilis aucilebeli maxasiatebeli unda iyos normirebuli metyveleba. amave dros, komunikaciis processi udidesi mnisvneloba eniweba rogorc adresatis subieqtur Tvisebebs, ise im metalingvistur faqtorebs, romlebic Tan sdevs am process. masmediis mier mowodebuli teqsti ertnairad gasagebi da saintereso unda iyos sxvadasxva ganatlebis, temperamentis da sxva pirovnuli maxasiateblebis mqone adresatisatvis. masmedia is sferoa, romelsic yvelaze ufro TvalnaTelia yoveli sametyvelo niuansi. roca sametyvelo qmedebasi mravaljer dasvebuli enobrivi gadacdoma sistemur xasiats irebs, enobrivi sistemis Sesabamis normas daemuqreba cvlilebit. aq aucilebelia specialistebis Careva da satanado qmedeba. Jurnalistikac da enac socialuri movlenebia. amitom is socialuri cvlilebebi, romlebic xdeba msofliosa da Cvens qveyanasi, gansakutrebit aisaxeba masmediis enaze. masobrivi komunikaciis ena xdeba Taobis ena. socialuri Zvrebis Sesabamisad transformirebuli metyveleba gamovlindeba Jurnalistur teqstebsi. Jurnalisturi teqstebis ertoblioba warmoacens gansazrvruli periodis kulturas: Jurnalisturi teqsti ara mxolod axali ideebis Semqmneli da gamxmovanebelia, aramed kulturuli mexsierebis sacavic. masobrivi komunikaciis teqstebi sxva teqstebisgan imit gansxvavdeba, rom matsi gamoiyeneba, sistemur xasiats irebs da mokldeba, gadamusavdeba da axleburad formdeba yvela sxva saxis e.w. pirveladi teqsti. Sedegad virebt axal teqsts agebisa da gaformebis Tavisi kanonebit. media normis Semqmneli ert-erti mzlavri sasualebaa. morfologiis, sintaqsis, sityvatwarmoebis, leqsikis urtiertoba sametyvelo qmedebis processi (sintaqsis dominirebuli rolit) ayalibebs teqstis azrs da sasualebas izleva, gamoiyos Jurnalisturi teqstis enobrivi nisnebi. Jurnalisturi teqsti unda iyos diskursi, rtuli

63 62 manana kvasxvaze, normirebuli metyveleba... sakomunikacio movlena, romelic, teqstis garda, aertianebs eqstralingvistur faqtorebs (codna samyaros Sesaxeb, Sexedulebebi, adresatis motxovna-motxovnilebebi da adresantis mizani). Jurnalisturi teqsti ganixileba, rogorc masobrivi sakomunikacio sasualeba, romelsac warmosobs realuri samyaro avtor-jurnalistebis survilebisa da sociumis motxovnis safuzvelze. sociumis kultura aris is, ras fiqrobs sazogadoeba, xolo ena aris is - rogor fiqrobs sazogadoeba. ena, Sesabamisad, aris diskursis arqetipi, romelic ayalibebs sociumis Sexedulebebs da romelic yalibdeba sociumsi. Jurnalistikas ainteresebs mxolod is, rac aqtualuria dres, anu is, rac mnisvnelovania garkveuli droisatvis. Jurnalistikis arsi aris aqtualuris Sefaseba da masobriv SegnebaSi gadatana. ra Tqma unda, es xdeba enis sasualebit da masobriv SegnebaSi gadadis rogorc socialur-kulturuli, ise lingvisturi movlenebi. mediasi gamoiyofa otxi xarisxis enobrivi Secdomebi: 1. individualuri, uxesi Secdomebi, romlebsac bevri ar usvebs da mkacrad daigmoba redaqtorebis mier; 2. regularuli - araisviati, romlebic ar miicneva uxes Secdomebad da mati Sefasebac araertgvarovania: uneburia da sapatiebeli Tu aucileblad gamosasworebeli; 3. masobrivi, romlebsac usvebs yvela, amitom Secdomebad ararc ariqmeba da, Sesabamisad, arc swordeba redaqtorebis mier; 4. dakanonebuli, anu masobrivi Secdomebi, romlebic gramatikosebis mier arar miicneva Secdomebad da saxelmzrvaneloebsa da leqsikonebsi gvxvdeba an dasvebul paralelur, an ertadert swor formad. es aris Secdomebi mxolod leqsemis Camoyalibebis TvalsazrisiT da, Cveulebriv, ar redaqtirdeba. Cveni mizani am SemTxvevaSi ar aris masmediasi arsebuli yvela enobrivi Secdomisa da xarvezis gamovlena da arwera, mit ufro, rom es saqme didwilad Sesrulebulia da gamocemulia Jurnalistis ortografiuli leqsikonis ori nawili, aramed Cveni mizania im zogadi suratis Cveneba, romelic qartuli mediis tendenciebs warmoacens normebtan mimartebit, agretve, CavTvaleT, rom sawiroa Secdomebis dajgufeba enobriv sistemasi mati adgilis mixedvit. sayoveltaod mirebul normebs (enobriv da stilistikur normebs) Cven publicisturi stilis maxasiateblebidan gamomdinare davumatet estetikuri normac, stilistikuri Secdomebi davsalet struqturul-

64 manana kvasxvaze, normirebuli metyveleba semantikur da mxolod semantikur nawilebad, amatgan pirveli enobrivi sistemis nawilad CavTvaleT da enobriv SecdomebSi gavaertianet, meore jgufi ki sametyvelo Secdomebad gavitanet. amis safuzveli is aris, rom enobrivi struqturis Secvla Zalian did safrtxed gvecveneba da mxolod stilis sakitxad misi kvalificireba sakmarisad ar migvacnia. amgvarad, sametyvelo normas Cven ganvixilavt enobriv, stilistikur da estetikur normata ertobliobad. metyvelebis am sami normidan gamomdinare, Secdomebic Sesabamisad kvalificirdeba: normatiul-enobrivi, normatiul-stilistikuri da normatiul-estetikuri. a) normatiul-enobrivi Secdomebi: ortografiuli Secdomebi, gramatikuli (morfologiuri da sintaqsuri) Secdomebi, punqtuaciuri Secdomebi, leqsikur-semantikuri Secdomebi, frazeologiuri (struqturul-semantikuri ). b) normatiul-stilistikuri Secdomebi: Sidastilebrivi Secdomebi, stiltasorisi Secdomebi. g) normatiul-estetikuri Secdomebi: ortoepiuri Secdomebi, leqsikuri Secdomebi, mokled mimovixilavt TiToeuls: 1. normatiul-enobrivi Secdomebi: a. ortografiuli: bewdur mediasi xsiria asota gamotoveba, Canacvleba, gadasma, bgeris dakargva da a.s. bevri amatgani fonetikuri procesis gamo gacenili darrvevaa, romlebic vlindeba sasaubro metyvelebis arasrul stilsi an dialeqtebsi. mag. dasjili, mzgefsi, Tfili, byroba, kelabtari, dainija, massa, pressa, Seurawyofa, mozdevs da a.s. zogjer vambobt, rom es aris koreqturuli Secdoma, e.w. lapsus calami. xsir SemTxvevaSi sityvis araswori daweriloba SeiZleba kvalificirdes sxvadasxvagvarad, magalitad, rogorc morfologiuri an ortografiuli Secdoma, radgan morfis araswori xmareba morfologiis problemaa, imis mtkiceba ki, Secdomis avtorma icis Tu ara ama Tu im morfis daweriloba, Zneli gasarkvevia, mag. sityvasi - aketebden n SemTxveviT aris gamorcenili Tu damwerma ar icis mravlobiti ricxvis mesame subieqturi piris nisnebis xmareba, Zneli satqmelia, aq Secdoma morfologiuria

65 64 manana kvasxvaze, normirebuli metyveleba... imitom, rom morfologiur kategorias ukavsirdeba. amave dros, meqanikuri Secdomis gamo sityva kargavs an icvlis mnisvnelobas da icvleba an bundovandeba teqstis Sinaarsi. amitom morfologiuri darrvevebi ortografiis Seswavlis obieqticaa da simartivisatvis morfologiuri da ortografiuli Secdomebi, rogorc wesi, ertad ganixileba xolme. b. gramatikul (morfologiuri da sintaqsuri) Secdomebs Soris gansakutrebit xsiria Semdegi: zmnebsi me-3 iribobieqturi piris nisnis dakleba: ra Wirs? bazavs, miparvia, miyudebia, yavs, qvia, qonia da sxva. -av TemisniSnian zmnebtan dakavsirebit media Zalian xsirad 1-li TurmeobiTis utemisnisno -ia mawarmoblian formas gvawvdis. Cveulebrivia: daurekia, daubaria, dauxatia, jer ar momilocia, unaxia formebis xmareba. saintereso tendencia ikveteba texa zmnastan dakavsirebit: Jurnalistebi cdiloben daicvan norma da xsirad sworadac xmaroben am zmnas, magram vulgarul saubarsi, rogorc wesi, texavs-gvaqvs. texavs - Jargonad iqceva da upirispirdeba normit dadgenil texs formas. Tanamedrove qartul mediasi gansakutrebit xsiria ortografiuli araertgvarovneba v-s xmarebis TvalsazrisiT zmnebis sxvadasxva formasi.cveulebrivia Sexvedra movawyet (unda iyos movawyvet); lursmnebi CaarWes da sxva.rogorc zepir, ise bewdur mediasi xsiria av-temisnisnianta SualobiTi kontaqtis araswori warmoeba: daaxurinebs, daarekinebs, daabarinebs da sxva. saxelebtan dakavsirebit gamosayofia nasesxebi leqsikis brunebis problemebi. kerzod, a) i-fuziani SeTvisebuli sityvebis bruneba: sworia dendi-dendim (da ara dendma); brendi - brendim (da ara brendma), es norma, rogorc wesi, mediasi ar funqcionirebs. b) e-fuziani SeTvisebuli sityvebis kveca: patriarqisatvis iubilis milocva; senakis Teatris 130 wlis iubilis arnisvna; elisabed II-is briliantis iubilis arnisvna... kafis dizaini, kafis meniu, aseve kupis, Jelis da sxva. TiTqos wesad iqca abstraqtuli saxelebis konkretul saxelebad gaazreba da mravlobiti ricxvis formebis gacena.parizis msvenierebebi, dafaruli bednierebebi, msoflios silamazeebi, dakarguli siyvarulebi... an aseti fraza: TavianTi axalgazrdobebi gaixsenes... saxelebsi TiTqos sustdeba da isviatdeba kumsvis procesi. nataxtaris limonati ginda? "berliniskedelis dangreva" da sxva.

66 manana kvasxvaze, normirebuli metyveleba TiTqmis ar moqmedebs ricxvsi monacvle zmnebis normebit gansazrvruli wesebi.cveulebrivia aseti formis sintagmebi: mivardeba xalxi, da-zma Casxdebian, xalxi dajda, stumrebi dasva, xalxi daixocnen da sxva. g)punqtuaciuri Secdomebi: roca sasveni nisnebi arasworad aris dasmuli sainformacio teqstsi, redaqtors evaleba misi gasworeba, Tumca Zalian xsirad es ase ar xdeba. cnobilia baironis gamonatqvami: "me vici, ra aris mzime, magram ar vici, sad unda davsva is." aq gasatvaliswinebelia, rom zog SemTxvevaSi sasveni nisnebis garese wera teqstis stilistikuri maxasiatebelia, orond es SeiZleba exebodes mxatvrul teqsts. Jurnalistebs Sorisac arseboben isetebi, romlebic baironis daavadebit arian Sepyrobilni da miicneven, rom mzimis dasma koreqtoris saqmea da ara mati. arada, xsirad sasveni nisnebis araswori xmarebis gamo winadadebis azri gaugebari rceba. mit ufro, rom presis enisatvis damaxasiatebelia Serwymuli winadadebebisa da sxvadasxva saxis gankerzoebis siuxve, rac nakarnaxevia ekonomiurobis principit. d) leqsikur-semantikuri Secdomebi: am saxis xarvezebi Cndeba sityvis mnisvnelobis arazusti codnit an uyuradrebobit. am movlenis safuzvelia araswori sinonimia, araswori etimologia da paronimuli wyvilebis problema. araswori sinonimiis nimusad SeiZleba davasaxelot: mowafemoswavle: ieso qristes moswavleebi (Jurnalistis ortografiuli leqsikoni)... araswori etimologiis nimusad ganvixilavt Semdegs: gasuli saukunis 70-iani wlebidan Cndeba sityva "epicentris" araswori gamoyeneba presasi. epicentri aris adgili dedamiwis zedapirze, romelic motavsebulia raime damangreveli Zalis keris Tavze (an mis qves). mag., miwiszvris e.; afetqebis e. Jurnalistebi xsirad am sityvas iyeneben frazebsi: mitingis epicentri, movlenebis epicentri, gartobis epicenti, fexburtis epicentri, gadacema epicentri da sxva. es ki leqsikur-semantikuri Secdomaa. sainteresoa sityva aprobaciis bolodroindeli gamoyeneba. leqsikonebis monacemebi asetia: aprobacia 1. oficialurad gamoxatuli mowoneba, dadastureba Semowmebis Sedegad; 2. sasoflo-sameurneo kulturata natesebis gamokvleva sauketeso Teslis SesarCevad. sityva gvxvdeba frazebsi: aprobaciis testebi, aprobaciis Sedegebi, maswavlebelta aprobacia, aprobirebuli leqsikoni...

67 66 manana kvasxvaze, normirebuli metyveleba... saatestacio testebis aprobacia daiwyo. aqedan gamomdinare, mas gascenia axali mnisvneloba "Semowmeba", Tumca ramdenad sworia misi gamoyeneba maswavleblebtan dakavsirebit, Zalian sainteresoa. dakanonebul SecdomaTa Soris, romelta xmareba enis mflobeltatvis Secdomad ar ariqmeba, gvaqvs sityva "abiturienti". (abituriens (abiturientis)) vinc unda wavides, moswavle, romelic sasualo skolas amtavrebs; meore mnisvneloba, romelic leqsikonebsi dasturdeba, gviandelia, Tumca ukve dakanonebuli - umarles saswavlebelsi Semsvleli (ucxo sityvata leqsikoni). es SemTxveva mxolod istoriuli TvalsazrisiT aris Secdoma da mnisvnelobis gafartoebis Sedegia. presasi Zalian xsiria paronimuli wyvilebis arreva. mag. kanonieri-kanonzomieri, legaluri-regularuli, ampulaamplua da sxva. presasi gvxvdeba: "izulebiti gansaxleba", "izulebiti gasaxlebis" nacvlad. An deporti_ deporataciis nacvlad: rusets ar aqvs Cveni saqartvelosi deportis safuzveli, wvrili _ wvlilis nacvlad: didi wvrili miuzrvis da sxva. e)frazeologiuri(struqturul-semantikuri)secdomebi: aq ganvixilavt frazeologiur kalkebs, romlebsic irrveva enis sintaqsis wesebi, mag. SetevaSia, gayidvasia, moedansi datova, jarimasi armocnda, saxezea didi danaxarjebi da sxva. aqve unda ganvixilot aseti kalkirebuli frazebic: mireba iwarmoebs, aseneba moxdeba da sxva. yuradreba misaqcevia ricxviti saxelebis inglisuris analogiit wakitxva: oci Tormeti, oci cameti da sxva. aqve Semova gramatikuli pleonazmis SemTxvevebi, romeltagan zogi Cvenive enobriv niadagzea gacenili - "TiToeuli mattagani", "TiToeuli CvenTagani" da sxv. arsebobs ucxouridan nasesxebi sityvebis gramatikuli pleonazmis SemTxvevebic, romlebic isea enasi SeTvisebuli, rom Secdomebad ar kvalificirdeba. asetebad migvacnia inglisuridan rusulsi da aqedan qartulsi moxvedrili sityvebi, romlebsac inglisuris mravlobitis mawarmoebeli aqvt. es mcdari formebi dakanonebulia da gasworebas ar eqvemdebareba. es sityvebia: relsebi: рельсы: rails, mxolobiti - rail; bucebi: бутсы: boots, mxolobiti - boot, jinsebi: джинсы: jeans, mxolobiti - jean, komiqsebi: комиксы: comics, mxolobiti - comic

68 manana kvasxvaze, normirebuli metyveleba Zalian sainteresoa abreviaturebsi gacenili pleonazmis SemTxvevebi: CD-diski, VIP-persona, SMS-Setyobineba, ITteqnologia, GPS - sistema. normatiul-stilisturi: a. Sidastilebriv SecdomebSi vgulisxmobt iset darrvevebs, rogorebicaa: 17 wlis axalgazrda biwi, mandilosani qali, kargi avtoriteti ar eqneba, lideris poziciebs vikavebt sabarate produqtebit mosaxleobis mocvis saqmesi, xvela damcvelobiti meqanizmia... etersi zari Semovida, zari SemoviyvanoT, avtoavariasi dazaralda, sasinlad unda, sasinlad uyvars da sxva. stilistur xarvezebs Soris ganvixilavt sxvata sityvis nawilakebis arasworad xmarebas, rac Cveulebrivi movlenaa qartul zepir mediasa da presasi. "-Tqo" nawilaki ixmareba ara marto Tavisi funqciit, aramed "-metqi " nawilakis nacvladac. "vifiqre, amis gamo rekavda-tqo", " ukve mogaxsenet, armocena aris-tqo"... b. stiltasoris Secdomad ganvixilavt mag. "mdabiuri enis" leqsikis gamoyenebas mediis enasi: "rogorc izaxian", "mtavrobas xalxis ar eyureba". aqve Semova teritoriuli (kiloebis) da socialuri dialeqtizmebis (Jargonis) arseboba mediasi da sxva. agretve samecniero stilisatvis damaxasiatebeli sityvatwaroeba: fetqebadi, Tavsebadi da sxva. normatiul-estetikuri Secdomebi: a. ortoepia: ortoepiuri sakitxebis mogvareba zepir medias Seexeba. aq gamosayofia swori artikulaciisa da maxvilis sakitxi. rbili l-s warmotqma, bgerata nazalizacia (natom? nudi...), v-bgeris arasworad warmotqma (uasingtoni, uasli...) da sxva. aqve aucileblad mimacnia imis arnisvna, rom xsirad zedmetad swrafi, argznebuli saubris dros ikargeba teqstis azri, gaugebari rceba satqmelis mnisvneloba, ganwyoba ufro metad gadaecema msmenels, vidre informacia da es ganwyoba isviatad aris dadebiti. b.leqsikur-estetikuri Secdomebi: mediis enasi gamoiyofa leqsikis Semfasebluri da arasemfasebluri fenebi. Semfaseblurobis TvalsazrisiT gamoyofen sam stilistur jgufs: a) poziciur-semfasebluri, b) negatiur-semfasebluri da g) modalur- Semfasebluri(g.kvaracxelia). am stilsi arctu isviatia specialur terminta xatovani gaazreba: leqsikis metaforizacia: "jibis gasqeleba", "sisxlis wyurvili", "wylis nayva" da sxv.xsirad gvxvdeba SecdomiT gamoyenebuli frazebi: "arigava miwisagan pirisa", "saqmis yursia", "misi sicocxle

69 68 manana kvasxvaze, normirebuli metyveleba... bedze ekida" da sxva. aqve unda ganvixilot dadebit- Semfasebluri frazebi pirvel pirsi: me vbrzandebi, me vmorvaweob, me mivirtvi (S. afridonize) da sxva. normebis mixedvit, -ля gadmodis qartulsi "la" marcvlad. am wesis Sesabamisad, normad miicneva futlari, plaji da sxva msgavsi sityvebis arseboba qartulsi. futlari (xsirad ixmareba futliari) qartulsi Semosulia rusulis gzit, rusulsi - germanulidan (нем. Futteral).weren da amboben: satvalis futliari, violinos futliari da sxva. plaji XX s-si Sevida rusulsi frangulidan plage, romelsic aseve nasesxebia italiuridan (piaggia), am sityvis sawyisi ki aris latinuri plaga (dartyma). calsaxad unda itqvas, rom uketesi iqneba "futlaris" nacvlad "bude" an "SaliTa" vixmarot da "plajis" nacvlad "sanapiro" an "zrvis napiri" da ar vifiqot imaze ля gadmovitanot "lia" Tu "la" wakitxvit. aucilebelia qartuli SesatyvisebisTvis upiratesobis miniweba. aqve dadgeba barbarizmebisa da neologizmebis problema da gansakutrebit, barbarizmebit sityvatwarmoebis SemTxvevebi: davalaiqe, videbate, davumesije da sxva. daskvnis saxit SeiZleba vtqvat, rom drevandeli qartuli mediis ert-erti maxasiatebeli, samwuxarod, swored aranormirebuli metyvelebaa. mediasi aqtiurad gacnda erovnuli enis normirebuli saliteraturo enisagan gansxvavebuli saxeobebi: dialeqtizmebi, koine, mdabiuri metyveleba. metyvelebis sruli formis nacvlad, romelic medias unda axasiatebdes, damkvidrda neitraluri da arasruli stili. Zalian gaxsirda inglisuri enis sintaqsuri konstruqciebis, ucxoenovani leqsikisa da frazebis gamoyeneba, ucxouri artikulaciita da maxvilit metyveleba, sityvatwarmoeba neologizmebita da barbarizmebit.regularuli sametyvelo darrvevebi enobrivi sistemis Secvlas iwvevs. ucxouri enebis gavlenit gacvda da gaicrica Tanamedrove qartulis ara marto leqsikuri fondi, aramed icvleba enis morfo-sintaqsuri da morfostilistikuri kategoriebi da ena kargavs TavisTavadobas, yvela im mnisvnelovan Tvisebas, romlebitac mas gansazrvruli adgili ukavia msoflio enata Soris. umnisvnelovanesia sakitxta fundamenturi kvleva msoflios lingvisturi azrovnebis fonze. vfiqrob, sawiroa gonivruli qmedeba, swori RonisZiebebis dagegmva da ganxorcieleba, amasi ki masmediam gansakutrebuli roli unda Seasrulos.

70 manana kvasxvaze, normirebuli metyveleba damowmebuli literatura: arabuli, a. arabuli, qartuli metyvelebis kultura, Tb., afridonize, S. afridonize, Cveni ena qartuli, Tb., kvaracxelia, g. kvaracxelia, qartuli enis funqciuri stilistika, Tb WabaSvili, ucxo sityvata leqsikoni, Seadgina m. WabaSvilma, Tb.,1989. aleqsandrova, АлександроваО.В. Языксредствмассовойинформацийкакчастьколлективногопронс транстваобщества, 2001 goixmani, О.Гойхман, И.Надейна, Речеваякоммуникация, 2008 pocencovi, Г.Почепцов, Теориякоммуникаций, qartuli enis ganmartebiti leqsikoni, g. axvlediani, s. vacnaze, v. kupraze... t. I-VIII, Jurnalistis ortografiul-stilistikuri leqsikoni I, a. Ciqobavas saxelobis enetmecnierebis instituti, Tb., 2010 Jurnalistis ortografiul-stilistikuri leqsikoni II, a. Ciqobavas saxelobis enetmecnierebis instituti, Tb., 2011 qartuli enis paronimta leqsikoni, a. Ciqobavas saxelobis enetmecnierebis instituti, Tb., 2011 gazetebi "asaval-dasavali", "saqartvelos respublika", telegadacemebi...

71 70 manana kvasxvaze, normirebuli metyveleba... Manana Kvaskhvadze Standardized Speech and the Language of Georgian-Speaking Media S u m m a r y The research of the relevance of media language to standardized speech requires taking into consideration numerous characteristics of publicistic style. Media is the sphere where every single speech nuance is most evident. In journalistic texts, the speech that tends to be transformed due to the social changes, is easily revealed. When linguistic deviation becomes systematic in the speech act, the relevant linguistic norms face changes as well. The article deals with the most frequent mistakes and their classification. Four types of mistakes are revealed: individual, regular, mass and legalized mistakes (which are no longer regarded as mistakes). Classification of the revealed materials are the following: normativelinguistic mistakes, normative-stylistic mistakes, normative-esthetic mistakes. Normative-linguistic mistakes are orthographic-phonetic, morphological, syntactical, punctuational, structural-semantic mistakes. Normative-stylistic mistakes are inter-stylistic ones, normative-esthetic mistakes are orthographic and lexical-phraseological mistakes. Each mistake is analyzed according to the most frequent violations of norms revealed in the Georgian media. Trends of linguistic norms are also presented in the article.

72 qartvelologiis aqtualuri problemebi ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF KARTVELOLOGY II 71 mixeil labaze diglosia Tanamedrove italiasi (paralelebi qartul enobriv samyarostan) italiis respublikis (La Repùbblica Italiana) mosaxleobis raodenobaa (2009 wlis arweris monacemebit). mosaxleobis udides nawils (90%-ze mets) italielebi Seadgenen. erovnul umciresobatagan arsanisnavia friulebi, retoromanelebi, arberesebi (albanelta Temi), slovenebi, xorvatebi, tiroleli avstrielebi da sxv. am qveynis saxelmwifo da saerto-erovnuli enaa italiuri. italia iyofa 20 regionad. Tavis mxriv, regionebi dayofilia provinciebad, provinciebi - komunebad. Sesabamisad, qveynis saxelmwifo wyobileba ganisazrvreba, rogorc `decentralizebuli unitarizmi. 1. italiuri saliteraturo ena. rogorc cnobilia, italiuri ena indoevropul enata ojaxis romanul jgufs ekutvnis, romelsic aw mkvdar dalmaciurtan ertad, qmnis italikur-romanul qvejgufs. arsanisnavia isic, rom sxva romanul enatagan gansxvavebit, italiuri Camoyalibda im teritoriaze, romelic latinuri enis gavrcelebis Tavdapirvel areals warmoadgenda. Sesabamisad, miicneva, rom man ufro naklebad ganicada ucxo enata gavlena da SeinarCuna siaxlove fuzeenastan - e.w. `mdabiur latinurtan (Sermo Vulgaris). pirveli werilobiti Zegli, romlis enac SesaZlebelia CaiTvalos italiurad, gaxlavt montekasinos monastris (lacios regioni) qvis filebis warwerebi (Placiti Cassinesi), romlebic TariRdeba wlebit (miliorini 1987, gv. 12). miuxedavad amisa, saliteraturo italiuris Camoyalibebis xanad samartlianad itvleba XIV-XV saukuneebi, roca xalxurma metyvelebam mxatvrul literaturasi sagrznoblad Seaviwrova latinuri ena. pirveli poeti, romelmac aqtiurad iwyo wera xalxur enaze, gaxldat florencieli dante aligieri ( ) - avtori sayoveltaod cnobili poemisa

73 72 mixeil labaze, diglosia Tanamedrove italiasi `RvTaebrivi komedia (La Divina Commedia); prozasi ki italiuri enis damamkvidreblad itvleba aseve florencieli jovani bokaco ( ) - misi cnobili Txzuleba `dekameroni dremde saliteraturo italiuris brwyinvale da misabaz nimusad miicneva. mogvianebit, dantes da bokacos (romlebic msobliur florenciul dialeqtze werdnen) mravali mimdevari da mimbazveli gamoucnda. garda amisa, ramdenadac arorzinebis epoqasi florencia mteli italiuri samyaros (masin ertiani italia ar arsebobda) mnisvnelovan kulturul centrad iqca, italiuri enis samwerlobo forma swored florenciul dialeqts daefuzna. aqve unda arinisnos isic, rom XIX saukunis bolomde, samwerlobo italiuri florenciis sazrvrebs garet mxolod werilobit arsebobda da masze xeli miuwvdeboda mosaxleobis ganatlebul fenas, TumcaRa italiis sxvadasxva mxaresi bevri mwerali, romelic dialeqtebze werda, fartod iyenebda nasesxobebs florenciulidan, ramdenadac surda, rom sakutari nawarmoebebi dantes `RvTaebriv komediastan anda jovani bokacos `dekamerontan gaetanabrebina. aset tendencias italieli mkvlevrebi `toskanizacias uwodeben (florenciis provincia toskanis regionsia) da miicneven, rom swored aman, sxva yvelafertan ertad, didad Seuwyo xeli italiuri samyaros erovnulenobriv gaertianebas, rac italiis politikuri da dialeqturi daqucmacebulobis fonze, metad mnisvnelovani movlena iyo (miliorini 1960, gv. 33). Tanamedrove italiasi italiuri, rogorc ukve itqva, saxelmwifo da saerto-erovnuli enaa, romelic yvela regionisatvis upiratesia. arsanisnavia isic, rom sxvadasxva regionsi, saliteraturo italiuri enis zepiri forma, aqcentuaciasa da fonetikasi (SedarebiT isviatad - morfologiasa da sintaqssic ki) adgilobriv dialeqtta did gavlenas ganicdis. aqedan gamomdinare, italiur enatmecnierebasi arsebobs cneba `regionuli italiuri (Italiano Regionale), rac gulisxmobs ertgvar Sualedur formas

74 mixeil labaze, diglosia Tanamedrove italiasi 73 `samwerlobo/literaturul italiursa (Italiano Literario) da `dialeqtur italiurs (Italiano Dialettale) Soris dialeqturi metyveleba Tanamedrove italiasi. saliteraturo italiuris paralelurad, italiasi arsebobda da arsebobs mravali dialeqti, romlebic metnaklebad gansxvavdebian ertmanetisganac da saliteraturo enisganac. masin, roca magalitad, mezobel safrangetsi, romelic fartobit italiaze didia, saerto-erovnuli enis gansxvavebuli dialeqtebi TiTqmis ararc SemorCenila. romanuli enebis mkvlevrebi ertxmad miicneven, rom italiis dialeqturi mravalferovneba upirveles yovlisa, ganapiroba iman, rom qveyana XIX saukunis bolosra gaertianda. romanistikasi italiur dialeqtta dajgufebis ramdenime principi arsebobs, Tumca tradiciulad, mat istoriulgeografiuli principit ajgufeben xolme (merlo 1937, gv. 4) - Crdilour, samxretul da centralur (toskanur) dialeqtur jgufebad (ix. ruka #1). arsanisnavia isic, rom am sami jgufis gavrcelebis arealebi ZiriTadad gvian Sua saukuneebis italiis politikur rukas emtxveva, rac ra Tqma unda, sulac araa SemTxveviTi. cnobili italieli enatmecnieris - klemente merlos - mixedvit, Crdilour jgufs Seadgens is dialeqtebi, romlebic gavrcelebulia la specia-riminis xazis CrdiloeTiT (rukaze arnisnulia yvitlad); Sesabamisad, samxretul jgufsi amave xazis samxretit - orive siciliis samefos istoriul teritoriaze gavrcelebuli dialeqtebi ertiandeba (rukaze arnisnulia vardisfrad); toskanis sahercogos istoriul teritoriaze gavrcelebuli dialeqtebi ki centralur jgufsi Sedis (rukaze arnisnulia bac mwvaned). merlos klasifikaciitve, korsikis da sardiniis dialeqtebi (rukaze arnisnulia Sesabamisad bac da muq yavisfrad) arc ert jgufsi ar Sedis da damoukidebel ganstoebebs qmnis. mogvianebit, romanistebma xsenebuli klasifikacia ufro daazustes - kunzul korsikaze gavrcelebuli Cizmontanuri 1 vrclad amis Taobaze ix. me-4 paragrafi.

75 74 mixeil labaze, diglosia Tanamedrove italiasi (anu mtasaqeturi) da oltremontanuri (mtasiqituri) dialeqtebi toskanur jgufs miakutvnes, aseve - samxretuli jgufi samad - centralur-samxretul, sakutriv samxretul da ukidures samxretul jgufebad gahyves (pelegrini 1950, gv. 13). ruka #1 italiur dialeqtta jgufebi da erovnul umciresobata (an mosazrvre) enebi klemente merlos 1937 wlis klasifikaciis mixedvit (rukaze muqlurjad arnisnulia germanuli, muqmwvaned - retoromanuli, witlad - franguli, stafilosfrad -

76 mixeil labaze, diglosia Tanamedrove italiasi 75 oqsitanuri, Waobisfrad - slavuri, Sindisfrad - albanuri enebi) 2005 wels, italielma enatmecnierma mauricio dardanom warmoadgina italiur-romanuli Stos enebisa da italiuri dialeqtebis klasifikaciis axali sqema (ix. dardano 2005, gv. 22); romlis mixedvitac dialeqtebi iyofa Crdilour, toskanur, centralur-samxretul da ukidures-samxretul jgufebad. am jgufebsi ki, Tavis mxriv, gamoiyofa qvejgufebi (mag., CrdilourSi - galur-italikuri, veneturi da istriuli, toskanursi - sakutriv toskanuri da korsikuli da a.s.) manve Seadgina daleqtta detaluri rukac: ruka #2 italiis dialeqtebi da erovnul umciresobata enebi mauricio dardanos mixedvit